Fort Berthold reservation
Fort Berthold Reservation is an Indian reservation in the US state of North Dakota and home to the Mandan , Hidatsa , and Arikaree nations that have formed the Three Affiliated Tribes since 1934 . The reservation is located on the Missouri River and includes parts of McLean , Mountrail , Dunn , McKenzie , Mercer and Ward Counties in North Dakota. The reserve administration is located in New Town .
The reserve covers an area of around 4,000 km² (988,000 acres ), with only an area of around 1,853 km² (457,837 acres) being owned by the indigenous people. The tribes own only around 323 km² (80,000 acres), the rest belong to individual tribesmen. According to a 2000 census, 5,915 people lived on the reserve area. According to the Bureau of Indian Affairs , 4,053 of the 10,249 recognized indigenous people live on the reservation area. Originally, the three tribes were assigned areas of 12 million acres (49,000 km²) by the Treaty of Fort Laramie in 1851 . However, the reserve was given a much smaller area by federal law in 1870.
history
Founded in 1870, the reserve was named after the American Fur Company 's fort of the same name . Originally the fort was called "Fort Atkinson". Bartholomew Berthold (1780-1831) was an Italian fur trader for the American Fur Company. The reason for the foundation were white loggers who cut wood for the passing steamers along the Missouri and sold it to them. The chiefs complained in Washington. Captain Wainwright of Fort Stevenson met with the guides. They agreed to establish a reservation in the area specified in the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851 . In return, the Indians guaranteed free passage of settlers through their area for an annual payment of $ 10,000 over a period of 20 years. The United States Congress modified the agreement by adding a clause requiring the Indians to cede an area the size of 800 square miles along eastern Missouri to the federal government. In 1880, by a resolution of Congress, large areas of the reservation were ceded to the Northern Pacific Railroad . The tribes were not interviewed. After a federal law called the Dawes Act came into force in 1887, agents from the Bureau of Indian Affairs BIA began dividing the reservation into individual parcels in 1893. Each head of the family received 160 acres, women and single men 80 acres and children 40 acres. Excess areas were sold to white settlers. These measures were intended to weaken the cohesion of the tribes. Indians with traditional ideas about how the soil should be worked together should give rise to individually thinking farmers. The Dawes Act lost 1.6 million acres (6,443.2 km²) to the reservation.
The construction of the Garrison Dam between 1948 and 1956 as part of the Pick Sloan project created the Lake Sakakawea and flooded large parts of the reserve. Around 617 square kilometers (152,360 acres ) of their area were lost. This corresponded to 94 percent of their agricultural land . Around 80 percent of all tribal members had to relocate. The United States Congress offered $ 5.1 million in compensation, and after long negotiations, the Indians had to accept the offer. That was the equivalent of $ 33 for 4046 square meters (1 acre) of land. That money didn't even cover the cost of relocating to higher areas. After another two years of renegotiations, an agreement was reached on $ 12.6 million. That was $ 9 million less than the tribes originally asked for and considered it to be market value. The loss of fertile land impoverished the population who had previously been successful cattle breeders and farmers.
The economy has picked up again in recent years. Oil discoveries in the area of the reserve resulted in some prosperity. According to the BIA, $ 80 million was paid out to the logs for drilling rights.
In 1993 the Four Bears Casino was opened on the reserve area.
media
The KMHA 91.3 FM reservation is located in New Town .
Web links
- MHA Nation, Official site (English).
- Fort Berthold Agenca (engl.)
- FM 91.3 The Voice for Mandan, Hidatsa and Orikara Nation (Eng.)
- Timeline Of Historical Events Relating To The Three Tribes Of The Fort Berthold Indian Reservation (Engl.)
- 4 Bears Casino & Lodge New Town, North Dakota (Engl.)
Individual evidence
- ↑ BIA Fort Berthold Agency ( Memento of the original from May 2, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ The Fort Berthold Reservation was established under the Executive Order of 1870 ( Memento of the original from May 16, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ On July 27, 1866, the Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara signed an agreement by which they granted such rights-of-way to territories east of the Missouri River, and were to receive in return an annuity of $ 10,000 for the next 20 years . ( Memento of the original from May 16, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ On July 13, 1880, an Executive Order was issued, depriving the Mandan, Hidatsa and Arikara of the greater part of their lands. Everything south of a line forty miles north of the Northern Pacific right-of-way was ceded. ( Memento of the original from December 15, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ The reservation was to be divided into standardized plots-heads of families received 160 acres each, women and men over the age of 18 who were not heads of families were allotted 80 acres each, children received 40 acres each. ( Memento of the original from December 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ North Dakota Studies: Garrison Dam ( Memento of the original from October 7, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Retrieved March 25, 2017.
- ↑ Michael L. Lawson: Dammed Indians: The Pick-Sloan Plan and the Missouri River Sioux, 1944-1980 . University of Oklahoma Press, 1994. ISBN 9780806126722
- ^ Robert Kelley Schneiders: Flooding The Missouri Valley The Politics Of Dam Site Selection And Design. In: Great Plains Quarterly 17, 1997. Pages 237-491.
- ↑ Legislation for this final settlement received President Truman's signature on October 29, 1949. The total compensation of $ 12,605,625 was over $ 9,000,000 less than the Indians felt was the fair market value of the damages they sustained. ( Memento of the original from December 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Approved over 1,700 Oil and Gas leases and distributed over $ 80,000,000.00 in bonus payments. The Bakken formation is considered to be one of the largest oil producing formations in the lower 48 states ( Memento of the original from May 2, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
