Early historical settlement forms

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As early historical settlement forms , the local and land forms of prehistory and early history are summarized in one term.

description

For the pre-feudal period, general statements on the Central European local forms can only be found to a limited extent. Completely excavated settlements of this type are required for a reliable statement. In terms of corridor shapes, such excavations are difficult to do , with a few exceptions such as the Celtic Fields .

Both place and field names depend on the production conditions. It is only possible to assign certain shapes to one another if these species are closely examined. The historical and geographical situation offer further factors. In the case of unregulated alternating farming with predominantly cattle husbandry, there is a tendency towards the formation of individually managed block corridors , which are equipped with small forms of living space ( individual farms, hamlets ). Long-term cultivation on small areas, which is connected to forest and Hutungsheide by extensive livestock farming , tends towards long strip fields , which are also connected to small settlements. ( Drubbel , Esch ). With increasing grain cultivation and strong population growth, the cooperatively cultivated Gewannflur , which is connected to large towns (e.g. Haufendorf ), develops .

In Europe, the stages mentioned also correspond to the overall economic development, which consistently led from predominantly cattle breeding to a predominance of arable farming. In pre-feudal and feudal times, almost only block corridors can be found in the Germanic and Slavic areas. These were only gradually supplemented by long strip corridors. This created a connection between increased grain cultivation and an expansion of the agricultural area. The fields were parceled out and the villages enlarged. Initially in the Franconian - Alemannic area, the Gewannflur has been demonstrable since the Carolingian era , but it was not fully developed until the Middle Ages . Contrary to older beliefs, it is not at the beginning but at the end of a development.

In the case of the local forms of Central Europe , a development from the hamlet through other small forms, mainly created in early feudal times, with echoing plans such as lane , dead end and row villages, to mature plan forms of high medieval colonization ( anger villages , street villages , rounds ) can be proven. There are also special geographic forms such as forest hooves . In the old settlements, the expansion of the existing settlements led to a random cluster village.

to form

Celtic fields

Celtic Fields is an English term and terminology for the remains of rectangular or square arable fields from the Bronze and Iron Ages . The traces that are still visible in the terrain consist of wall-like or ditch-like enclosures and thus also form field boundaries, also common as terraced fields. They often form network-like corridor systems that are occasionally connected with simultaneous hut floor plans. Celtic fields are not tied to the distribution of Celtic tribes. Their shape is due to the type of plowing device used and the work system, and are important sources of settlement, economic and social history. Thus, the visible terrain relics of prehistoric agricultural corridors in North West Europe, from the northeastern Netherlands over Schleswig-Holstein to Jutland are visible and allow insights into the operation of the then-tillage, in Denmark as Oldtidsagre referred, in the Netherlands they are called Raatakkers . Low earth walls or terraces form the boundaries between the 1000 to 2000 m² large, predominantly rectangular farm plots. Most of the Oldtidsagren belong to the last centuries before our era, a smaller part to the 1st and 2nd centuries.

Hutungsheide, Hutewald

Areas for grazing cattle are referred to as Hutungsheide or Hutewald.

Hubbub

A Drubbel is a hamlet-like form of settlement in northwest Germany, connected to the Eschflur . Esch or Eschflur is the name given to the north-west German long- striped field , in which turf is applied, the so-called Plaggen (stripped lawn), which led to a gradual increase in the individual fields. The pest application also served as fertilizer. Evidently since the Carolingian era, it served the perpetual cultivation of grain and was associated with the local form of the Drubbel.

Basement hall

A Won , also Zelge called, is a group of adjoining, mostly strip-shaped piece of land from which each farmer place of the village share had. The Gewann formed the basic elements of the feudal period Gewannflur. This was divided into tubs and operated in a three-field economy . The Gewannflur is a product of feudalism , so its formation is more likely to be attributed to the Middle Ages, not the pre-feudal period of rural settlement and economic forms. As a rule, this economic form is associated with the formation of clustered villages and other large forms (street and anger villages). Hallways can be found in many other parts of the world, not just in Europe.