Franciscan monastery Castledermot

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Northwest view of the monastery with the north transept on the left and the two lancet windows at the end of the nave on the right

The Franciscan monastery Castledermot , also called Tristledermot , ( Irish Mainistir Dhíseart Diarmada , English Castledermot Friary ) was founded before 1247 by the English crown and Walter Riddlesford as a house of the Franciscans in Castledermot in the Archdiocese of Dublin in Ireland . As part of the Reformation , the monastery was closed in 1540. The Franciscans belonged to the Conventuals until the end .

history

The exact founding circumstances are unclear. The first known documentary mention comes from May 25, 1247, when the then Irish justiciar John Fitz Geoffrey donated 15 marks to the monastery  . The manuscript Additional 4814 names Edward I and Walter Lord Riddlesford as the founders. For reasons of time it could not have been Edward I, but he could claim this for himself if his father Heinrich III. held this role.

Walter Riddlesford or Ridelesford is the name of the first Mr. Castledermots after the English invasion and his son. The father Walter I accompanied Strongbow in the invasion and received land in the region of Castledermot and Kilkea (in the south of today's County Kildare ). In Castledermot he built a castle in 1181 and founded a small town. He died around 1200, but certainly before 1213. The son Walter II was one of the few who sided with the king against Richard Marshal . In 1235 he accompanied Richard de Burgh during the conquest of Connacht and died around 1240, with which the line ended and the inheritance fell to the two daughters. Although there are other branches of the family with other members of this name, Aubrey Gwynn thinks it is very possible that the son founded the monastery shortly before his death.

The lancet windows at the west end of the nave show a first construction period around 1240

The role of the patron then fell to the Geraldines, that is, the descendants of Gerald of Windsors , from which in particular the line of the Barons of Offaly and later the Earls of Kildare emerged . Even Thomas FitzMaurice († 1271), the third son of Maurice FitzGerald, the second Baron of Offaly, is assigned the role of founder, although he is also called Thomas Lord Offaly in literature and is linked to a founding date of 1302, although he died in 1271 and it was not until 1316, when Thomas FitzGerald, the 2nd Earl of Kildare, the first Thomas with this title in the line, existed. However, it is not only the early documentary evidence that speaks for the foundation before 1247. Harold G. Leask states that the lancet windows in the nave, which are comparable to the Franciscan monasteries in Claregalway , Nenagh and Kilkenny , suggest a date of construction around 1240.

The east window of the north transept, with simple tracery , is evidence of a second construction period at the beginning of the 14th century.

Possibly a donation to the monastery was made in 1302. Gwynn does not name the year 1302, but takes over the information from Mervyn Archdall in the Monasticon Hibernicum that foundations were made in 1316 and 1328 by John, the first Earl of Kildare and his son and successor Thomas. Tracery windows did not come into use in Ireland until the early 14th century. In the earliest form, the intermediate posts split into arches that are the same radius as the arch with which they meet at the top. In connection with the still very sturdy design of the intermediate posts, this confirms the time of the foundations at the beginning of the 14th century.

Since the invasion of 1169 there have been monasteries in Ireland that were founded by the invaders, like that of Castledermot, and those that went back to the founding of the original Irish ruling families. While this led to considerable tensions among the Cistercians between the monasteries with different loyalties, this did not happen at the beginning with the Franciscans and Dominicans in Ireland, which was certainly due to the ideals of the mendicant movement and the fate of the first two Franciscan Provincials . But this changed in the beginning in May 1315 invasion of from Scotland coming Edward Bruce , who sought the Scots and the Irish against England to ally. While some Irish Franciscans supported the invaders, Franciscan monasteries that were considered English were destroyed by the Scottish troops. This first struck the Franciscan house in Dundalk in 1315. In December 1316, Edward was assisted by his brother, the Scottish King Robert I. Together they moved south and in February 1317 settled at Castleknock , just outside the gates of Dublin , which was already preparing for a siege. At this stage of the war, however, the Scots did not want to linger long with sieges and therefore ignored fortified cities. In either February or March, troops headed by Robert I then moved to Castledermot. Castledermot had a city wall since 1295 and was therefore spared. However, the monastery was outside the city walls, on the south side of the city. The monastery, which was connected to the English royal family through its founders and which was patronized by the Geraldines, was an inviting destination. It was looted and heavily damaged. The library, the liturgical vestments and the sacred utensils were lost. The monastery was restored in a timely manner, and the second phase of construction may not have taken place until after the attack in 1328.

On November 27, 1540, the monastery was examined as part of the repeal. It was found that a church belonging to the monastery, a monastery garden and a dormitory could be demolished and the material was worth 60 shillings . The remaining property included a tower house , two halls, a kitchen, a garden, an orchard, a water mill, a cemetery and ten acres of agricultural land , seven of which were fallow. In total, the value was estimated at 54 shillings. In contrast to some Franciscan monasteries in the west, in the case of monasteries in the south of the Pale , to which Castledermot also belongs, it can be assumed that the new legal situation was consistently enforced and thus the communities could not continue to exist in their old monasteries. There is only evidence of the continued use of the monastery by Franciscans at the time of the Confederation in the 1640s.

architecture

Castledermot belongs to a group of Franciscan monasteries such as Ardfert or Kilkenny (before the expansion), in which the nave and the choir together are approximately 38.5 mx 7 m inside. With the exception of the east window, which was later changed and which is no longer preserved, this area comes from the first construction phase around 1240. The lancet windows in the west gable and in the north side of the choir are typical. In the second construction phase at the beginning of the 14th century, the north transept was added with a west aisle and three side chapels on the east side, each closed with a vault at the top. To match, the nave was provided with a north aisle that connects to the aisle of the transept. On the north side of the nave there are three arcades, the first leading into the north aisle, the second into the aisle of the transept and the third directly into the transept. There are also two arcades between the transept and its aisle. At the same time a tower was added to the south side of the choir. The monastery garden originally adjoining it to the south and the residential and farm buildings surrounding it have not been preserved.

literature

  • EB Fitzmaurice, AG Little (Ed.): Materials for the history of the Franciscan province of Ireland, AD 1230-1450 . Manchester University Press, Manchester 1920 ( openlibrary.org ).
  • Proceedings at Meetings of the Royal Archaeological Institute . In: A. Hamilton Thompson (Ed.): The Archaeological Journal . Vol. 88, 1931, pp. 327-403 ( archaeologydataservice.ac.uk ).
  • E. St. John Brooks: The De Ridelesfords . In: The Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland . Vol. 81, No. 2 , 1951, p. 115-138 . Part Two : E. St. John Brooks: The De Ridelesfords . In: The Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland . Vol. 82, No. 1 , 1952, pp. 45-61 .
  • Harold G. Leask: Irish Churches and Monastic Buildings II . Gothic Architecture to AD 1400. Dundalgan Press, Dundalk 1960, pp. 125-126 .
  • Aubrey Gwynn , R. Neville Hadcock: Medieval Religious Houses Ireland . Longman, London 1970, ISBN 0-582-11229-X , pp. 244-245 .
  • Peter Harbison : Guide to National and Historic Monuments of Ireland . Gill and Macmillan, Dublin 1992, ISBN 0-7171-1956-4 , pp. 187 .
  • Colmán N. Ó Clabaigh: The Franciscans in Ireland, 1400–1534 . Four Courts Press, Dublin 2002, ISBN 1-85182-548-7 .
  • Colmán Ó Clabaigh: The Friars in Ireland 1224-1540 . Four Courts Press, Dublin 2012, ISBN 978-1-84682-225-4 .
  • Edel Bhreathnach, Joseph MacMahon, John McCafferty (Eds.): The Irish Franciscans 1534–1990 . Four Courts Press, Dublin 2009, ISBN 978-1-84682-210-0 .

Web links

Commons : Castledermot Friary  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Remarks

  1. ↑ Gwynn, p. 244; Ó Clabaigh 2012, p. 89.
  2. ^ Gwynn, p. 240.
  3. ↑ Ó Clabaigh 2002, p. 69.
  4. ↑ Fitzmaurice, p. 14; Gwynn, p. 244.
  5. ↑ Brooks 1951, pp. 117, 130, 131.
  6. ↑ Brooks 1951, p. 136.
  7. ↑ Brooks 1951, p. 137; Brooks 1952, p. 45.
  8. ^ Gwynn, p. 244
  9. ^ A b Goddard Henry Orpen: Ireland under the Normans , Volume IV, p. 127ff. The four volumes originally appeared between 1911 and 1920. A new integrated edition from 2005 is available from Four Courts, Dublin, ISBN 1-85182-715-3 .
  10. ^ Charles William FitzGerald: The Earls of Kildare and their Ancestors . From 1057 to 1773. Hodges, Smith & Co., Dublin 1858, p. 19 ( archive.org ).
  11. ^ Francis Grose: The Antiquities of Ireland . The Second Volume. M. Hooper, 1795, p. 82 ( archive.org ).
  12. ^ Samuel Lewis: A Topographical Dictionary of Ireland . 2nd Edition. Vol. IS Lewis, London 1840, pp. 295 ( google.de ).
  13. ↑ Harbison, p. 187.
  14. ↑ 1302 - Franciscan Friary, Castledermot, Co. Kildare. Retrieved January 1, 2014 .
  15. ↑ a b Leask, p. 94.
  16. ↑ a b c Lord Killanin, Michael V. Duignan: The Shell Guide to Ireland . 2nd Edition. Ebury Press, London 1967, pp. 153 .
  17. ^ Leask, p. 125.
  18. ^ Gwynn, p. 244.
  19. ^ Leask, p. 125.
  20. ↑ Ó Clabaigh, p. 31.
  21. ↑ Ó Clabaigh 2012, p. 35.
  22. ↑ James Lydon: The impact of the Bruce invasion, 1315-27 . In: A New History of Ireland II . Oxford University Press, Oxford 1987, ISBN 978-0-19-953970-3 , pp. 292 .
  23. ↑ See Figure 13 (sketch of the place including the medieval buildings) in Thompson, p. 381.
  24. ↑ Ó Clabaigh 2012, p. 36; Gwynn, p. 244; Thompson, p. 382.
  25. ^ Thompson, p. 382.
  26. ^ Gwynn, p. 245.
  27. ^ Colm Lennon: The dissolution to the foundation of St. Anthony's College Louvain , p. 10, from Bhreathnach.
  28. ^ Raymond Gillespie: The Irish Franciscans, 1600–1700 , pp. 57,59,61, from Bhreathnach.
  29. ^ Michael O'Neill: Irish Franciscan friary architecture , p. 311 from Bhreathnach.
  30. ↑ See the floor plan (Fig. 14) in Thompson, p. 383.

Coordinates: 52 ° 54 '30.7 "  N , 6 ° 50' 14.1"  W.