Galfredus de Vino Salvo

Galfredus de Vino Salvo (also Galfridus , Gaufredus , Gaufridus , Godefridus , Ganfredus ; surname de Vinosalvo , Vinesauf , Anglicus ; Anglo- Norman Geoffroi de Vinsauf , English Geoffrey of Vinsauf ) was an English rhetorician of the late 12th century, whose Poetria nova was one of the most influential One of the poetry teachings of the Middle Ages.

Life

Little is known about Galfred's life. It probably came from England, as the surname “Anglicus”, which is often encountered in manuscripts, may suggest, possibly also from Normandy: the meaning of the surname “de Vino Salvo” or “Vin (e) sauf” has remained unclear.

As the poem Causa magistri Gaufredi Vinesauf shows, he was temporarily in Paris as a student or teacher and then taught in "Hamton" ( Hamtone legi ), probably Northampton , where he came into conflict with a fellow Parisian student named Robert who was also employed there sentenced to a sentence for assault by a bishop named Adam, possibly Bishop Adam of St. Asaph in Denbighshire († 1181).

If Galfred is also responsible for the Summa de arte dictandi written by a Gaufredus between 1188 and 1190 as a guest ( hospes ) in Bologna, he was also temporarily active there.

Otherwise, it emerges from the dedication prologue of Poetria nova (verses 31ff.) That he traveled to Rome to meet Pope Innocent III , whom he praised for his youth . , who was therefore still at the beginning of his pontificate (1198–1216) to hand over his work.

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Poetria nova

Galfred's main work is Poetria nova , which gives instructions for creating poems in more than 2000 Latin hexameters . Geoffrey emphasizes that anyone who wants to write a poem, like the builder of a house, must first have a plan in his mind. He divides the various arrangements of the material into one natural and eight possible artificial orders, whereby the natural order follows the chronology of the material. Based on ancient rhetoricians like the Auctor ad Herennium , he describes the means of expanding ( amplificatio ) and shortening ( abbreviatio ) the subject. When dealing with rhetorical ornaments, he differentiates the tropes based on the transfer of meaning as ornatus difficilis from the ornatus facilis of the figures based mainly on the position. This is followed by grammatical explanations.

After Bernardus Silvestris and Matthäus von Vendôme , Geoffroy was the third medieval author to write an extensive poetics ( ars poetria ), whereby that of Bernardus can no longer be identified with certainty.

The honorary title Poetria nova , which his draft of an ars poetria received in the tradition ( the Ars poetica of Horace was considered Poetria vetus ), shows the appreciation that the Middle Ages showed Geoffrey. Over 200 manuscripts, mostly from the 13th to 15th centuries and in many cases with glosses or detailed comments, have been preserved and document how the work shaped the teaching of rhetoric in schools and universities up until the early Renaissance .

Documentum / Tria sunt

As Documentum de modo et arte dictandi et versificandi is commonly referred to two prose versions of the substance of Poetria nova , of which according to the results of recent investigations Camargos only the shorter, the actual Documentum comes from Galfred and before the Poetria nova emerged, while the longer unprinted, which is called tria sunt after the incipit of both versions , is an adaptation by third parties probably from the end of the 13th century and is present in five of the eleven known manuscripts in a 15th century revision made in Oxford.

Summa de coloribus rhetoricis

The Summa magistri Vinesauf de coloribus rhetoricis , which is based primarily on Marbod von Rennes , De ornamentis verborum , and therefore probably arose before the Documentum and Poetria nova , deals with 20 figures of speech of the light style. In the same order, these figures appear in practical application in an anonymous poem on Niobe ( Quam stultum, quam vesanum, quam sit sceleratum ), which has come down to us in the same manuscript (Glasgow, University Library, Hunter V.8.14, olim 511) , evidently based on the Summa and possibly also from Galfred.

Summa de arte dictandi

In contrast to Galfred's later writings , the Summa de arte dictandi , which is completely preserved in four manuscripts and in a further part, deals exclusively with the skillful writing in prose ( dictamen in the meaning according to the introductory definition limited to the "orationum series ... nullis nullis metrorum legibus obligata ”), excluding the ars versificatoria and limited to the genre of the letter. It comprises four books in prose, each introduced with a verse prologue and the whole concluded with a versed epilogue, a final address to the reader. Book I defines the topic, names the four structural parts ( partes ) of an art- oriented letter ( salutatio, exordium, narratio, conclusio ), the order of which is used to structure the summa , and, following a classification of the possible recipients of letters, exemplifies the respective appropriate salutation for a total of fifteen types of such recipients. Book II deals with the exordium as a preliminary to the narrative and the importance of proverbs for its design, book III then the narration and book IV the conclusion and finally a catalog of typical errors in the design of prose and letter.

The didactic statements are kept brief, but richly illustrated by examples that have made it possible to date to the period from 1288 to 1290 on the basis of historical topics and in some cases also relate to the person and situation of the author. The author names himself (“Gaufredus”) and the place of origin (“Bononia”) in the epilogue, so that among the cited letter passages he also includes a letter from a guest Gaufredus in Bologna to a brother Martinus (IV.2) and another example Relation to the thematic limitation of the work required by an unfavorable fate (III.18). Faral, who knew only fragments of the summa , considered the equation of the Bolognese Gaufredus with Galfred von Vinsauf to be uncertain, but this has since been made plausible by Licitra, Worstbrock and Camargo.

expenditure

• Martin Camargo: Toward a Comprehensive Art of Written Discourse: Geoffrey of Vinsauf and the Ars Dictaminis , in: Rhetorica 6,2 (1988), pp. 167–194, Appendix 1: Excerpt on the letter style ( ars dictandi ) from the long version des documentum de modo et arte dictandi et versificandi (pp. 86–192), Appendix 2.B: Table of contents of the long version (p. 193)
• Edmond Faral: Les arts poétiques du XIIe et du XIIIe siècle. Recherches et documents sur la technique littéraire du moyen age . Champion, Paris 1924 (= Bibliothèque de l'École des Hautes Études, Sciences historiques et philologiques, Fasc. 238), pp. 194–262 ( Poetria nova ), pp. 263–320 ( Documentum de modo et arte dictandi et versificandi , shorter version), pp. 321–327 ( Summa de coloribus rhetoricis , incomplete.)
• Edmond Faral: Le manuscrit 511 du "Hunterian Museum" de Glasgow: Notes on le mouvement poétique et l'histoire des études littéraires en France et en Angleterre entre les années 1150 et 1225. In: Studi medievali, nuova serie, 9 (1936) , Pp. 18–121, with a reprint of the poem Causa magistri Gaufredi Vinesauf (pp. 56f., No. 36) and other pieces probably by Galfred or from his circle
• Ernest Gallo: The Poetria nova and its sources in early rhetorical doctrine. Mouton, The Hague [u. a.] 1971 (= De proprietatibus litterarum, Series maior, 10), with Latin text and Engl. translation
• Jane Baltzell Kopp, Geoffrey of Vinsauf, The New Poetics . In: James J. Murphy (Ed.), Three Medieval Rhetorical Arts. University of California Press, Berkeley / Los Angeles 1971, ISBN 0-520-01820-6 , pp. 27-113, engl. translation
• Vincenzo Licitra: La Summa de arte dictandi di Maestro Goffredo , in: Studi medievali, series IIIa, 7 (1966), pp. 865–913.
• Margaret F. Nims: Geoffrey of Vinsauf, Poetria nova. Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, Toronto 2010 (= Medieval Sources in Translation, 49), ISBN 978-0-88844-299-4 , engl. translation
• Roger P. Parr: Geoffrey of Vinsauf, Documentum de modo arte dictandi et versificandi (Introduction in the Method and Art of Speaking and Versifying). Translated from the Latin with an Introduction , Marquette University Press, Milwaukee (Wisconsin) 1968 (= Medieval Philosophical Texts in Translation, 17)

literature

• Reinhard Düchting : G [alfridus] de Vino Salvo. In: Lexicon of the Middle Ages. Vol. 4, Col. 1085.
• Ernest Gallo: The Grammarian's Rhetoric: The "Poetria Nova" of Geoffrey of Vinsauf. In: James J. Murphy (Ed.), Medieval Eloquence: Studies in the Theory and Practice of Medieval Rhetoric , University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles 1978, pp. 68-84.
• James J. Murphy: Rhetoric in the Middle Ages: A History of Rhetorical Theory from Saint Augustine to the Renaissance. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles 1974, ISBN 0-520-02439-7
• Marjorie C. Woods: An early commentary on the Poetria nova of Geoffrey of Vinsauf , Garland, New York [u. a.] 1985 (= Garland Medieval Texts, 12), ISBN 0-8240-9435-2
• Marjorie Curry Woods: Classroom Commentaries: Teaching the 'Poetria nova' across Medieval and Renaissance Europe , Ohio State University Press, Columbus 2010, ISBN 978-0-8142-1109-0

Remarks

1. ^ On this Henry Gerald Richardson, The Schools of Northampton in the Twelfth Century , in: English Historical Review 56 (1941), pp. 595-605, pp. 597ff .; Faral, Les arts poétiques ... (1924), p. 16ff.
2. ^ In addition, Thomas Haye, Popes and Poets: The medieval curia as an object and promoter of panegyric poetry , Walter de Gruyter, Berlin [u. a.] 2009, p. 177ff. ("Innocent III (1198–1216) and Galfred von Vinsauf")
3. ↑ On the manuscripts and the tradition of commentaries Woods, Classroom Commentaries ... (2010), there also the most extensive list of manuscripts to date, pp. 289ff.
4. ↑ Martin Camargo, “Tria sunt”: The Long and the Short of Geoffrey of Vinsauf's Documentum de modo et arte dictandi et versificandi , in: Speculum 74 (1999), pp. 935-955; ders., Toward a Comprehensive Art of Written Discourse: Geoffrey of Vinsauf and the Ars Dictaminis , in: Rhetorica 6,2 (1988), pp. 167-194; Traugott Lawler, The Parisiana Poetria of John of Garland , Yale University Press, New Haven / London 1974 (= Yale Studies in English, 182), Appendix II: "The Two Versions of Geoffrey of Vinsauf's Documentum (pp. 327–332)
5. ↑ Faral, Le manuscrit 511 ... (1936), pp. 34f. Text of the poem (No. 23), p. 36 for attribution.
6. ^ Ed. Based on two of Licitra's manuscripts, La Summa de arte dictandi ... (1966), pp. 885ff. (electronic version in the Archivio della Latinità Italiana del Medioevo: Archived copy ( memento of the original from 10 June 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove it Note. ) 
7. ↑ Licitra, La Summa de arte dictandi ... (1966); Franz Josef Worstbrock, Zu Galfrids Summa de arte dictandi , in: German Archives for Research into the Middle Ages 23 (1967), pp. 549–552; ders. / Monika Klaes / Jutta Lütten, Repertorium der Artes Dictandi of the Middle Ages: From the beginnings to around 1200 , Fink, Munich 1992, pp. 65–68, p. 182; Martin Camargo, Toward a Comprehensive Art of Written Discourse: Geoffrey of Vinsauf and the Ars Dictaminis , in: Rhetorica 6,2 (1988), pp. 167-194, pp. 174ff.

Web links

• Publications on Galfredus de Vino Salvo in the Opac of the Regesta Imperii
• Marjorie C. Woods: Transformation and Continuity in the Teaching of Rhetoric in Late Medieval Universities: The Case of the "Poetria Nova". (PDF; 34 kB)