History of the city of Nossen
Beginnings of castle and town
The time before 1185
Before 1185, the area north of the Freiberg Mulde was populated by Slavs like islands . It belonged to the Daleminzier settlement area . On the Dechantsberg there was a Slavic rampart , which was abandoned in the course of the later settlement. South of the hollow there was an uninhabited forest until the middle of the 12th century, which was used by the Slavs as a source of raw materials and food. Two new castles were built in the 11th and 12th centuries: on the Rodigt another Slavic fortification, a mountain near Nossen and on the opposite Schlossberg .
On the basis of various coin finds from the 12th century, it is assumed that there was a lively trade there at that time. This was also favored by the bridges and especially by the three fords of the Freiberg Mulde. Even in later times, national roads led from Dresden to Leipzig and to Chemnitz through Nossen.
In the first half of the 12th century, the settlement of the forest south of the Mulde began, initially on behalf of the Bishop of Meissen. He commissioned the gentlemen von Nossen and Tammo von Strehla to do this . However, both were not very successful. The Lords of Nossen managed to build up only a modest area of dominion between Rhäsa and Obergruna . The by Tammo of Strehla in Zellwald scale Benedictine Monastery existed only a few years. Margrave Otto von Meißen finally won the competition that began for the settlement .
First documented mention and the Lords of Nossen
Nossen was first mentioned in 1185 when Peters von Nossen (Petrus de Nozin) was mentioned . The document mainly deals with the borderline of the land donated to a monastery by the emperor at the request of Margrave Otto. Due to the silver finds on this territory, the region around what is now Freiberg, the margrave sought to exchange territory because he wanted to regain the mountain shelf. The Cistercians did not want to build their monastery at the intended place, but further east, on episcopal land. The margrave managed to come to an agreement with the bishop of Meissen. The land lent to Tammo von Strehla in the east up to the Pitzschebach around 1140 was added to the monastery. The Lords of Nossen also had their property as a fief from the bishop. It was east of the "Pitzsche", at least as far as the bank of the Freiberg Mulde. The document only says that a small part of the fief of Petrus de Nozin will come to the monastery to build fish ponds. This happened in the name of the two landlords, bishop and margrave, the latter perhaps at the request of the Cistercians. All parties involved were satisfied with the solution. Later disputes developed between the monastery and the Lords of Nossen, as a result of which they returned their fiefdom, castle and town of Nossen as well as the associated villages to the bishop in exchange for what was probably reasonable compensation.
A damaged document from 1171 was occasionally seen as a possible older mention of Nossen by reading one of the named witnesses as Cri… us de Nozz [in]. However, the name can also be read as "G ... us de Nezz .." for Gunther von Nessa and refer to Nessa near Weissenfels instead of Nossen.
Knights of Nossen and Altzelle Abbey
Ever since the castle and monastery existed side by side, there were ongoing disputes over property and rights. Altzelle Monastery strove to expand its property to the banks of the Mulden. In 1315 the Lords of Nossen gave their castle to Bishop Withego II of Colditz . From then on, the castle served as the official residence of the bishops of Meissen , because that bishop Withego II expanded the castle into his summer residence, which is why it is now called a palace.
But his successors also had a dispute with the Altzelle monastery and, like the Nossener knights, they too got into debt. After 115 years, the abbot Vincentus , whose monastery has always been very wealthy due to the support of the margrave , took advantage of the particularly high debt of a bishop and bought the castle and its accessories, which became the property of the monastery on May 1, 1436. He had the castle beautified, restored and expanded, with the ulterior motive of having a protective retreat in the event of a Hussite attack.
Only a decade later, as a result of the Saxon Reformation , the elector took over the castle along with the monastery property. Disputes about property and rights between the Altzelle monastery and the knights of Nuzzin did not arise until later; they are first mentioned in a document dated April 29, 1197. It is not known whether the gentlemen von Nossen had their headquarters at the time on the Rodigt, a Slavic rampart on a hill in Nossen, or whether they already lived in a castle on the Schlossberg, the predecessor of Nossen Castle.
Nossen in modern times
In 1540 the land in Nossen was redistributed and further leasehold areas were created, so that before the beginning of the Thirty Years War the population of Nossen grew slowly but steadily. This noticeable growth was only hampered by several, sometimes very devastating city fires, famines and plague epidemics . For example, two severe city fires in 1540 and 1577 destroyed almost the entire city and almost all documents.
From the Thirty Years War to the Seven Years War
During the Thirty Years War, the city was plundered and devastated by foreign troops several times, for example in 1643 when Swedish troops ravaged the castle. With their diseased soldiers wore Holksche Corps the plague in the city.
From the year 1690 a town order is known, from which it emerges that the electoral authorities, who until now had only taken over the administration of the town, are to be supported by community leaders. This gave the citizens of Nossen more rights to participate in city businesses.
Witch hunts took place in Nossen from 1692 to 1698 . Six people got into witch trials , their fate is unknown.
The development of the moving mail enabled Nossen to expand its importance, because from 1701 a post office existed in the city . The city was a hub because this was where the routes to Dresden and Freiberg shared . Thus, Nossen was also an important location in communication technology .
Another important event for the residents of the city and the surrounding area, regardless of the long war years before, was the new construction of the Muldenbrücke by Matthäus Daniel Pöppelmann in 1717.
The Nossen Church was inaugurated on the 1st of Advent in 1722.
From the Seven Years War to the Second World War
During the Seven Years' War , Nossen often offered the Austrian and Prussian troops the opportunity to billet, although the former did not always stay peacefully in Nossen. This situation was very stressful for the city. The proximity to the militarily useful cat houses also represented an additional source of fear for the Nossen civilians, because the city was therefore more often in the main battle line of the opposing parties. They damaged the castle through the use of artillery in a Prussian attack in November 1759.
The French Emperor Napoleon also temporarily relocated his headquarters to Nossen Castle. After the armistice of 1813 expired, large groups of soldiers traveled through the city on foot as well as on horseback and some of them were also quartered in the castle. Only a few residents lived to see the time when the French soldiers were driven out by plundering Cossacks, as they had fled to the surrounding villages for fear of war, with the nearby Siebenlehn in particular taking in a large number of the refugees.
The Second World War claimed the deaths of 220 Nossen Wehrmacht soldiers and around 80 civilians. For strategic reasons, the railway bridge and the Mulde bridge on Dresdner Strasse were blown up by the Wehrmacht shortly before the Red Army reached and occupied Nossen on May 6, 1945.
literature
- Almut Fiedler: The development of the castle-city relationship in the city of Nossen from its beginnings to the middle of the 14th century In: Arbeits- und Forschungsberichte zur Sächsische Bodendenkmalpflege 34 (1991), pp. 207–249.
- André Thieme: Altzelle monastery and the settlement in the central Erzgebirge foothills In: Martina Schattkowsky and André Thieme (eds.) Altzelle, Cistercian abbey in Central Germany and the Wettiner monastery ( writings on the Saxon regional history, Volume 3). Leipziger Universitätsverlag GmbH, Leipzig 2002, ISBN 3-935693-55-9
- Document book of the Cistercian monastery Altzelle Vol. 1: 1162–1249, edited by Tom Graber (Codex diplomaticus Saxoniae 2/19), Hanover 2006.
- Alfred Berger: A foray through the history of Nossen, commemorative publication for the home and school festival Whitsun 1936 , Nossen 1936
- City of Nossen (Ed.): 825 years of Nossen - Anniversary publication , Nossen 2010
Individual evidence
- ↑ 825 years of Nossen - anniversary publication , p. 16
- ^ Document copy "To avoid future errors, Margrave Otto establishes the possessions of the Altzella Monastery from August 2, 1185, Dresden Main State Archives No. 91
- ↑ history Nossen.de , the official portal of the city council
- ^ Bartusch, Klaus; Voss, Peter (ed.) 825 years of Nossen (1185–2010).
- ^ Special print from: Courtyards and residences in the late medieval empire. A dynastic-topographical handbook (= Residency Research, Vol. 15.I). ISBN 3-7995-4515-8 © Jan Thorbecke Verlag, Ostfildern
- ↑ Document in a translation by Paul Krenkel: We have ordered that Peter von Nossen leave everything that he had on the other side of the Betscowa from the diocese of Meissen, because it was suitable for the construction of fish ponds, with part of the valley on the other side of the Mulde to the bishop , and the bishop has given it to the monastery.
- ↑ Codex diplomaticus Saxoniae (CDS) 1, A 2 (documents from the Margraves of Meissen 1100–1195), No. 378.
- ↑ Berger, Alfred: A foray through the history of Nossen. Commemorative publication for the Nossen home festival in 1936.
- ↑ Lindner, Michael: The beginnings of the castle and town of Nossen. In: 825 Jahre Nossen (1185–2010) , 2010, pp. 16–23, here p. 17.
- ↑ 825 years of Nossen - anniversary publication , p. 31
- ↑ Manfred Wilde: The sorcery and witch trials in Kursachsen , Cologne, Weimar, Vienna 2003, pp. 551–554
- ↑ Website of Nossen Castle