Big wild fence
The Big Wild fence was a 1661-scale fence construction in the former Mark Brandenburg , referring to a length of over 70 kilometers of Neuhof (in Zehdenick ) on the upper Havel through the southern parts of the Uckermark to the Oder near Oderberg moved . The big game fence served on the one hand as a game reserve and for game protection, on the other hand it also prevented the migration of game to the more agriculturally used areas north of the Schorfheide . Twelve so-called fence setters were used for maintenance in the course of the wild fence.They kept houses and land on the fence and had to monitor sections 5 to 7 km long. After 1720 the Great Wild Fence fell into disrepair. The fence setters were converted into Vorwerke, z. In some cases, new villages emerged from these cleared areas.
history
Little is known about a first game fence that was built in the Schorfheide in the middle of the 16th century and its course. It is not known whether it had the later documented course and the same length. At least the existence of a previous fence from the Havel to the Oder is documented by a note in Leutinger's Scriptorum de rebus Marchiae Brandenburgensis maxime celebrium for the year 1592.
“The Gardelegische Heide in the old seat of the Semnones and Lombards across the Elbe is usually thought to be the first. However, I consider the Grimnitzische to be more noble, which is surrounded like a wall with a nine miles long, very high fence north of the Havel to the Oder. "
During the Thirty Years' War and in the years thereafter, the old game fence had become dilapidated and in many places fell into disrepair. In 1655 there were plans to rebuild the game fence in the Schorfheide. But it was not until 1661 that Friedrich Wilhelm I ("the Great Elector") began to build this 70 km long, so-called "Great Wild Fence". The new wild fence should again extend from the Havel to the Oder. 30 soldiers were used to build fences. It was not until 1681 that the final accounts were available and the entire length of the game fence was completed.
As early as 1700, the large game fence was damaged again and a total of 12 fence-setting points were created along the game fence for repair and future maintenance, which had to take care of about 5 to 7 km long sections. Schulze von Groß-Ziethen took on a position for a fee. The remaining fence posts were re-created by clearing the large forest area. The fence setters had next to the house z. Sometimes considerably large arable and meadow areas. These fence-setting sites were later formed at first, and later new settlements were created, which later became villages or even disappeared again, e.g. B. Mellin .
course
The large wild fence roughly followed the course of the terminal moraine, thus separating the heavier, better for arable farming areas in the north from the lighter, sandy soils of the - later so called - Schorfheide. The fence was primarily intended to prevent the game from crossing over to the cultivated land of the southern Uckermark to the north. The Schorfheide was formerly also known as the Werbellinische Heide. It was an almost contiguous forest area that stretched from Liebenwalde and Zehdenick to Eberswalde, Angermünde and Biesenthal. On the edges of the Werbellinische Heide there were a number of castles (Liebenwalde, Zehdenick, Grimnitz, Bredin), which divided the large forest area with their administrative and judicial districts. The castles served the Brandenburg margraves as starting points and places to hunt in the Werbellinische Heide, where Heide in northeastern Germany is a forest. The exact course of the large game fence is marked by the fence setting points.
The fence setters
Each on the south side of the Great Wild fence eleven were Fence coaster set, whose job it was to mend the Big Wild fence and maintain. They received a house and were allowed to clear a piece of forest around the house. They received no payment for this, but had to earn their living from the cleared area. However, they had z. Sometimes considerably large areas for cultivation and some livestock. Schulze took on a position as fence sitter in Groß Ziethen for a fee. The twelve fence setters were (from west to east):
- Position Bernd Amerlahn (today living space Neuhof near Zehdenick)
- Place David Krause (today Vogelsang , district of Zehdenick)
- Gottfried Wittkop (today Bergluch , living space in the Vogelsang district of the city of Zehdenick)
- Gerd Amerlahn (today Grunewald , part of the city of Templin)
- Martin Muhme (today Grand Fathers , part of the municipality of Groß Dölln , City of Templin)
- Peter Stein ( Bebersee )
- Joachim Leist ( Friedrichswalde )
- Christian Werdermann (Friedrichswalde)
- Michel Kleinfeld ( Mellin )
- Michel Regling ( Grumsin )
- Schulze von Groß-Ziethen (the course of the wild fence from Grumsin to Parsteiner See or to the west past Parsteinsee is uncertain.)
- David Hertzberg ( fence , eastern section from / around fence to the (old) Oder (today Finow Canal))
In the western part, the course of the wild fence can be easily reconstructed. It began at the Vorwerk Neuhof and initially led north almost parallel to the Havel to today's Burgwaller Försterei. There it bent to the east, presumably near the Burgwaller Weg as far as Vogelsang. From there he moved on towards the Deutschboden residential area, Bergluch to Grunewald. In Grunewald it turned slightly to the south, moved towards Grand Fathers, and again turned north towards Bebersee. The further course is uncertain, especially how far north the fence went (including Reiersdorf?). In any case, the fence bent again to the southeast, moved through Friedrichswalde, which of course was only founded in 1747/49, towards Mellin and Grumsin. The further course is again uncertain. According to the often inaccurate maps, the wild fence ran north of Groß Ziethen, east of Klein Ziethen, west past Parsteinsee to Zaun. From Zaun the Wuldzaun ran relatively straight south towards the old Oder, today the Finow Canal.
The fence construction
Little is known about the exact appearance of the fence and its height. In calculating the cost of the fence is 1,661 by stacking the speech that should be used for the construction of the fence. The first fence erected from 1661 is said to have been a half-timbered fence, as can be seen from a letter from the Royal Forester Hans Albrecht von Jurgas to the Heidereiter Hans Heinrich von Rehdantzen from 1702. If the half-timbered fence was damaged and could no longer be repaired, it should be replaced by a plank fence or a stack fence. Apparently the replacement of the old fence near Grimnitz had already started. The fence setters should, however, be instructed to only use unsuitable trees for the planks. According to Buchholz, this half-timbered fence is probably to be understood as a wattle fence, a post fence interwoven with brushwood and filled with clay gravel. He concludes this from the fact that in the files in connection with the construction of fences, words such as put the fence and fitz , or fitzreisig are often used. A whip is a whip used to weave clay walls. After the fence z. Some of the things that had already fallen over, asked the leaseholder of the Grimnitz glassworks to be allowed to use the planks of the fallen wilderness fence, provided they were not rotten, to repair his fences. The request was granted to him. The Heidereiter Anspach zu Liepe, on the other hand, was asked to sell the remaining game fence planks as high as possible .
Renewed deterioration of the game fence and the start of settlement activity along the fence
In the clearing of the fence setters in the 1720s, farms were created and ever larger pieces of the forest were cleared. Friedrich Wilhelm I is not an enthusiastic hunter and lets the game fence fall into disrepair. In 1728 the wild fence had already fallen over long stretches. The planks were stolen or given or sold to residents of the outworks along the game fence. Only parts of the game fence remained in place until the 1740s, for example in the Zehdenick and Reiersdorf districts until the colonist villages were founded (e.g. in 1749 Bebersee or 1747/49 Friedrichswalde). With the densification of the settlements, the game population also decreased more and more.
literature
- Matthias Asche: New settlers in the devastated country: Coping with the aftermath of the war, migration control and denominational politics in the context of the reconstruction of the country; the Mark Brandenburg after the wars of the 17th century. Aschendorff, Münster 2006, ISBN 978-3-402-00417-3 .
- Erwin Buchholz: The former large game fence from the Havel to the Oder: from the history of the Schorfheide. Journal of Forestry and Hunting, 1937 (1): 24–45, Berlin, 1937.
- Fritz Röhnisch: The large wild fence and the settlement of the Schorfheide. Templin district calendar, homeland yearbook for 1992: 50–52, Templin 1991.
- Lutz Fenske: Hunting and Hunters in the Early Middle Ages. Aspects of their relationship. In: Werner Rösener (Hrsg.): Hunting and court culture in the Middle Ages. Pp. 29–94, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 1997, ISBN 3-525-35450-9 ( preview on Google Books ) p. 82.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Nicolaus Leutinger, Zacharias Gartz, Johann Gottlieb Krause: Scriptorum de rebus Marchiae Brandenburgensis maxime celebrium Nicolai Leuthingeri De Marchia et rebus Brandenburgicis commentarii hucusque desideratissimi ac opuscula reliqua adhuc rarissima necculae reliquaens annum MDLXXXII hactenus ineditae, iam jam vero ad nostra usque tempora continuatae in unum volumen collectio: ... praemissis vita et fatis utriusque auctoris ut et argumentis librorum subjunctisque indicibus locupletissimis. 128 p., 1528 p., 358 p., Zimmermann, Francofurti u. a., 1729. - Online at Google Books , p. 910.