Great stone grave Emmen-Schimmeres
| Great stone grave Emmen-Schimmeres Hunebed D43 | |||
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 The large stone grave D43 in Emmen |
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| Coordinates | 52 ° 47 '59.7 " N , 6 ° 53' 8.3" E | ||
| place | Emmen , Drenthe , Netherlands | ||
| Emergence | 3470 to 2760 BC Chr. | ||
| van Giffen no. | D43 | ||
The large stone grave Emmen-Schimmeres is a megalithic grave complex of the Neolithic western group of the funnel cup culture in Emmen in the Dutch province of Drenthe . With a total length of 40.3 m, it is the largest large stone grave in the Netherlands and at the same time the only one in the country that contains two burial chambers . In 1913 it was extensively archaeologically examined by Jan Hendrik Holwerda and again in 1960 by Albert Egges van Giffen . It bears the Van Giffen number D43.
location
The grave is on the western outskirts of Emmen on a green area. It can be reached via a dirt road that branches off from the Odoornerweg. There are numerous other large stone graves in the vicinity. 750 m north is the large stone grave Emmen-Noord (D41), 1.2 km west-northwest the large stone grave Westenesch-Noord (D42), 1.2 km west-southwest the large stone grave Westenesch (D44), 1.4 km east the large stone grave Emmerdennen (D45 ) and 2 km to the north the three large stone graves near Emmerveld (D38 – D40). 2.9 km to the north was the destroyed large stone grave Weerdinge (D37a).
Research history
The existence of the grave was first mentioned on the Hottinger map drawn up between 1788 and 1792. In 1869 it was improperly restored. In 1878 an investigation was carried out by William Collings Lukis and Henry Dryden . In 1913 Jan Hendrik Holwerda carried out an archaeological dig. In 1918 Albert Egges van Giffen documented the facility for his atlas of the Dutch megalithic graves. In 1960 van Giffen carried out another excavation, after which the grave was restored. Another restoration took place in 1997. Since 1983, the complex has been a national monument ( Rijksmonument ).
description
The long bed
The complex has a north-northeast-west-southwest oriented long bed , which contains two passage graves . The bed has a slightly trapezoidal floor plan with rounded narrow sides. It has a length of 40.3 m and a width of 7 m in the north and 5 m in the south. The mound was largely removed during the restoration in 1869 without detailed documentation. The enclosure consists of 54 stones with flat sides facing outwards. The gaps between the surrounding stones were originally filled with dry masonry. This was reconstructed after the investigation in 1960. Holwerda believed that the entire southern end was not built until the restoration in 1869, as some stones were not sunk into the ground, but only into the mound. In addition, there were no remains of dry masonry at the southern end. Furthermore, Holwerda believed to have made out the indentations of the original southern end stones of the enclosure further north. According to his interpretation, the enclosure was originally 6 m shorter and the added stones are said to have actually been cap stones of the burial chambers. Van Giffen rejected this interpretation and could only identify two of the stones in question as clear modern additions.
The northern burial chamber
The chamber is oriented parallel to the long bed. It has a length of 4.6 m and a width of 3 m. Their height is about 1.5 m. It consists of three pairs of wall stones on the long sides, one end stone each on the narrow sides and three cap stones. The middle and northern cap stones had been moved a bit to the north and were only put back on the wall stones during the restoration in 1960. The spaces between the wall stones were originally filled with dry masonry. The chamber had a stone pavement on the floor. The entrance to the chamber is located between the first and second wall stone on the eastern long side, seen from the south. In front of this is a corridor that consists of two wall stones. The corridor is also paved with small stones and is about 0.6 m above the floor level of the chamber. The corridor is 0.55 m wide and 0.85 m high. There is a threshold stone between the corridor and the chamber.
The southern burial chamber
The southern chamber is also oriented parallel to the long bed. It has a length of 8.1 m and a width of 2.9 m. It consists of five pairs of wall stones on the long sides and one end stone each on the narrow sides. Two of the original five cap stones are still preserved. The spaces between the wall stones were originally filled with dry masonry. The chamber had a stone pavement on the floor. The access to the chamber is located between the second and third wall stones on the eastern long side, seen from the south. In front of this is a corridor that consists of two wall stones that were only discovered by van Giffen in 1960.
The ritual pits
Holwerda discovered a pit between the two burial chambers and another one southwest of the southern burial chamber. The first pit was 2.2 m long and 1.65 m wide. The second was 3 m long and 1.4 m wide. Van Giffen discovered a third pit in 1960. The function of these pits is unclear due to the lack of meaningful finds. The pit to the north of Holwerda contained only a few ceramic shards and “almost inconspicuous little white splinters” (probably remains of burned bones). The southern pit was empty. The pit discovered by van Giffen also contained only a few ceramic shards and a retouched piece of flint .
Finds
The two burial chambers contained comparatively few finds, mainly ceramic shards. In the northern chamber, Holwerda found mainly large, useful vessels and cylindrical vessels. Cups and bowls were rarer. There are also fragments of a collar bottle , a vessel with an eyelet, a small pot and a bowl with a spout. Some flint fragments, an unfinished ax and an amulet from a pierced fossil were also found.
The southern chamber offered a similar range of finds. Here, bowls, cylindrical vessels and funnel beakers made of a wide, high rim dominated. There were also small vessels with a straight rim, bulbous pots, a single collar bottle and a small pot with a pointed belly, straight rim and eyelets. Flint fragments and a small chisel were also found.
literature
- Jan Albert Bakker : The Dutch Hunebedden. Megalithic Tombs of the Funnel Beaker Culture. International Monographs in Prehistory, Ann Arbor 1992, ISBN 1-87962-102-9 .
- Jan Albert Bakker: Megalithic Research in the Netherlands, 1547-1911. From 'Giant's Beds' and 'Pillars of Hercules' to accurate investigations. Sidestone Press, Leiden 2010, ISBN 9789088900341 , pp. 219-221 ( online version ).
- Albert Egges van Giffen : De Hunebedden in Nederland , 3 volumes. Oosthoek, Utrecht 1925.
- Albert Egges van Giffen: Restauratie en onderzoek van het langgraf (D43) te Emmen (Dr.). In: Helinium. Volume 2, 1964, pp. 104-114.
- Evert van Ginkel , Sake Jager, Wijnand van der Sanden: Hunebedden. Monuments van een steentijdcultuur. Uniepers, Abcoude 1999, ISBN 978-9068252026 , p. 186.
- Jan Hendrik Holwerda : The big stone grave near Emmen (Prov. Drente) in Holland. In: Prehistoric Journal. Volume 6, 1914, pp. 57-67.
- G. de Leeuw: Onze hunebedden. Gids before Drentse hunebedden en de Trechterbekerkultuur . Flint 'Nhoes, Borger 1984.
- William Collings Lukis : Report on the hunebedden of Drenthe, Netherlands. In: Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of London. 2nd series. Volume 8, 1878, pp. 47-55 ( online ).
- Wijnand van der Sanden , Hans Dekker: Gids voor de hunebedden in Drenthe en Groningen . WBooks, Zwolle 2012, ISBN 978-9040007040 .
Web links
- The Megalithic Portal: D43 Emmen Schimmeres
- hunebedden.nl: Hunebed D43
- hunebeddeninfo.nl: D43 / Emmen Schimmeres
- JohnKuipers.ca: D43 Emmen
- cruptorix.nl: D43
Individual evidence
- ^ Anna L. Brindley : The typochronology of TRB West Group pottery. In: Palaeohistoria. Volume 28, 1986, pp. 93-132 ( online ). Annual figures corrected according to Moritz Mennenga : Between Elbe and Ems. The settlements of the funnel beaker culture in northwest Germany (= early monumentality and social differentiation. Volume 13). Habelt, Bonn 2017, ISBN 978-3-7749-4118-2 , p. 93 ( online ).
- ^ Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed: 45371 te Emmen