Habeş Eyaleti
Habeş Eyaleti was an administrative unit ( Eyâlet ) established in 1555 in the Ottoman Empire , which, among other things, temporarily comprised the area of today's state of Eritrea on the Red Sea . The name of the eyalet is derived from the Arabic name al-Ḥabaša for the Aksumite Empire .
.png)
The province consisted of the conquests of the first Beylerbeyi Özdemir Pasha and his son Özdemiroğlu Osman Pasha (later Grand Vizier 1584/85) and essentially comprised the cities of Debarwa , Sawakin and Massaua . Debarwa was finally lost to the Bahr negus in the 16th century . On the other hand, Portugal's decline in power also made the threat to the Ottoman Empire from a Portuguese-Ethiopian alliance meaningless. In the 17th century, a balance and peaceful coexistence was established between the Ottoman province and Ethiopia. The Ottoman presence was increasingly limited to the cities of Sawakin and Massaua. At times, no governor was appointed. At the beginning of the 17th century, Jeddah also appears as part of the eyalet.
Towards the end of the 17th century, when the towns of Massaua and Sawakin became less important for trade, the administration of Massaua was increasingly left to locals. 1701 the office of governor was to that of the Mutasarrif then Sandschaks pooled from Jeddah and the Mekke-i Mükerreme şeyhülharemi, the inspector for the holy cities of Islam, seat of the governor was Medina . After the shaking of Ottoman rule in Arabia by the Wahhabis , in the course of the restoration of Ottoman rule by the Egyptian governor Muhammad Ali Pasha, his son Ibrahim Pasha temporarily became governor of the Eyalets Jeddah and Habeş ( Cidde ve Habeş Eyaleti ).
When Muhammad Ali Pasha had to give up the territories outside Egypt after the crisis in the Orient in 1840, direct Ottoman rule in Arabia and in Eyalet (now: Eyalet Jeddah) was reorganized. Under the governor of Eyalet, based in Jeddah, later in Mecca, the Liwas (sanjaks) consisted of Necit ( Nedschd ), whose governor was a member of the Saud family , and Yemen ( Yemen ), which was raised to its own Eyalet from 1849 . In addition to the Eyalet Jeddah and Habeş, there was an emirate Mekke-i Mükerreme ( Mekka ) with the rank of Eyalet under the Grand Sherif and an Eyalet-i Harem-i Nebevî for the mosque of the Prophet in Medina under a Şeyhülharem with the rank of Pasha. The East African possessions Sawakin and Massaua were leased back to Muhammad Ali Pascha in 1846. After the cities fell under direct Ottoman rule again after Muhammad Ali's death in 1849, they were organized as Liwas (sanjaks) of Eyalet Jeddah in 1851, but were passed on to the Egyptian governor Ismail Pasha for life in 1865 . Shortly thereafter, along with the inheritance of the governorship of Egypt and the rise in rank as Khedive , they became his hereditary possession, albeit under nominal Ottoman suzerainty. In the course of the administrative reform from 1867 onwards, the Eyalet Jeddah was replaced by the Vilayet Hejaz ( Hicaz Vilayeti ) and the Ottoman administration in Arabia was reorganized.
In 1884/1885 the last nominal remnants of Ottoman rule in East Africa were removed by the British ( Anglo-Egyptian Sudan and Somaliland ) and Italians (Eritrea and Somalia ).
swell
- Cengiz Orhonlu: Article Habeş Eyaleti In: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Araştırmaları Merkezi (ed.): İslâm Ansıklopedisi , Vol. 14, pp. 363-367. Available online at [1]
- Hans-Jürgen Kornrumpf: The Ottoman rule on the Arabian peninsula in the 19th century in: Hans-Jürgen Kornrumpf: Contributions to Ottoman history and territorial administration. Isis, Istanbul 2001, ISBN 975-428-199-8 , pp. 40-50