Ḫajaša

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Ḫajaša , KUR URU Ḫa-ia-ša (English spelling mostly Ḫayaša or Hayasa) was a late Bronze Age country in northeastern Anatolia . Sometimes the name Azzi-Ḫajaša or Ḫajaša-Azzi is also found, but Azzi seems to have been a province of Ḫajaša.

location

Location of Hajaṧa

In the poorly preserved factual report of Šuppiluliumaš I , Ḫajaša is mentioned between Irrite , “Ituwa” (URU I-tu 40 -u wa [...], probably Išuwa ) and Karkemiš (fragment 41), which is a location on the upper Euphrates north of Išuwa would probably do. Many authors settle Ḫajaša in the area of Erzurum or Erzincan . Yakar assumes a position in northeastern Pontus . So Ḫajaša controlled the trade routes between the Anatolian highlands and the valley of the Araxes and the Caucasus .

Herzfeld wants Ḫajaša with Hayk , a name from the 6th century BC. And equate the Tayk and Taochi of Xenophon and Strabo . However, Hewsen doubts this.

Claudia Sagona tries to locate Azzi in the Erzurum area. Equating Ḫajaša with the Armenian national hero Hayk is generally rejected.

economy

The livelihood in Ḫajaša was agriculture, the vassal contract of Ḫuqqana mentions threshing places, fields and winged areas as well as cattle and sheep ( CTH 42, §37). Nomadic cattle breeding may also have been important.

Parts of the country

Azzi and Marija were part of Ḫajaša.

Corporate structure

At the time of Šuppiluliumas I, Ḫajaša was ruled by several chiefs. They commanded foot troops and chariot fighters (CTH 42, §32). There were also cities in the Ḫajaša area, at least one of them, Tukkama , was ruled by a council of elders (LÚ MEŠ ŠU.GI), as were cities in neighboring Išuwa. This suggests a considerable independence of the local chiefs, whose authority perhaps extended mainly to the nomadic population in the mountains.

Ḫuqqanas (Hukkanas) of Ḫajaša, the most powerful of these chiefs, concluded a vassal contract with the Hittite great king Šuppiluliuma I (CTH 42). Ḫuqqanas married a sister of the great king, making him a member of his court. It is not clear whether this was a daughter of the queen or a concubine - the treaty mentions her sisters from the same womb and from the same semen - but the latter is more likely. In the contract, the great king emphasizes how he raised Ḫuqqanas, previously “a lowly dog”, and did well to him (CTH 42, §1).

In Ḫajaša it was obviously customary for a man to marry several sisters (§25) or for brothers to have their wives in common (§29). Therefore Ḫuqqanas is expressly warned against such behavior: "In Hatti it is not customary for a man to sleep with his sister (sister of his wife) or cousin (cousin of his wife) ... Whoever does this will be executed with us ..." (§ 25). He is also warned against getting too close to a palace lady - if he sees a palace lady or even just a servant coming, he should not speak to her, but rather step quickly out of her way and keep a long distance (§27). As a warning, the story of Marijas is reported, who only looked at a maid and was therefore executed on the orders of Tuthalia III, Suppiluliuma's father, who had observed this from a window. While polygamy was common in Ḫajaša, in the Hittite Empire it was only permitted to have concubines next to the wife (§29). Therefore, Ḫuqqanas had to divorce his wife from Azzi when he married the sister of the Great King.

Ḫuqqanas is also instructed to divorce his daughter from Marijas and give her to her "brother". Diakonoff assumes that Marijas was a chief of Azzi. He assumes that the sororal polygyny was connected with a reciprocity in the next generation, with which the descendants of the Marijas would have acquired a right to the daughters of the Hittite great king. To prevent this, Šuppiluliumas I ordered the divorce. However, this only makes sense if the mentioned "brother" was not a brother of the Marijas. Diakonoff assumes that perhaps a brother of Suppilulium is meant, in contrast to Friedrich, who assumes that a brother of Marijas is meant.

history

From the autobiography of the Hittite great king Ḫattušili III. (ruled approx. 1266–1236 BC) it is known that Azzi made an advance into the Upper Land and took the city of Samuḫa , which subsequently formed the border between Azzi and Ḫatti. Only Tudḫaliya II succeeded in conquering Samuḫa again. Then the city formed the starting point for further campaigns in the north. The Crown Prince Šuppiluliuma (approx. 1380-1320 BC) began a campaign against Ḫajaša, but meanwhile had to deal with twelve tribes of the Kaška , which apparently did not lead to the planned attack. Tudḫaliya II undertook another campaign against Karanniš / Lanniš of Ḫajaša, and there was a battle below Kummaḫa , which apparently did not end in a Hittite victory. From the vassal contract between Šuppiluliuma I, meanwhile the Hittite great king, and Ḫuqqanas of Ḫajaša (CTH 42) it emerges that at the time of Tudḫaliya II a chief of Ḫajaša named Marijas was staying in the royal palace (§27). Ḫajaša was not subject to a king, but was ruled by several chiefs. It is therefore unclear whether this Marijas carried out negotiations on behalf of Karanniš / Lanniš, pursued his own policy with the Hittites or was even a political refugee. However, Marijas looked at a maid of a palace lady and was therefore executed, which was probably not conducive to relations with Ḫajaša.

Šuppiluliuma concluded a vassal contract with Ḫuqqana of Ḫajaša, perhaps in preparation for a campaign against Mitanni . After the Hittite conquest of Išuwa, the troops fled from subjugated countries that had settled there, on to Ḫajaša, which led to a Hittite attack. In the war of Šuppiluliuma against Mitanni under Šuttarna II , the son of Artatama , the Hittites made an alliance with Andaratlis, a chief of Azzi.

In the sixth year of Muršili II's reign , Annias, son of Mary, attacked a chief of Azzi Tankuwa and brought cattle and prisoners to Ḫajaša. He refused to hand them over again, whereupon the Hittites marched against gegenajaša and besieged the fortress of Ura . However, they finally had to retreat to Tegarama on the Euphrates . In his tenth year of reign, Muršili II himself moved against Azzi. The army of Ḫajaša withdrew to fortresses in the mountains, from where they carried out raids on the Hittites at night. Muršilis was able to conquer the cities of Aripša and Tukkama. After Tukkama surrendered, Muršili incorporated 3,000 foot soldiers and chariots from Ḫajaša into his army. In the fortress of Haliman, the great king was able to obtain the release of 1,000 Hittite prisoners. However, there was no permanent conquest of Ḫajaša, presumably the Hittite conquests were limited to the lowlands and the mountain fortresses could not be taken.

Ruler

Ḫajaša was ruled by several chiefs. The following are handed down:

  • Karanniš / Lanniš ( m Kar (or La-a) -an-ni-iš LUGAL KUR URU Ḫa-ia-ša) at the time of Tuthalias III.
  • Marijas at the time of Tuthalia II.
  • Huqqanas at the time of Šuppiluliuma I.
  • Andaratlis from Azzi at the time of Šuppiluliuma I.
  • Annija, son of Marijas under Muršili II.
  • Mothers in Haliman under Muršili II.

Cities and fortifications

  • Aripsa, maybe on the Black Sea
  • Haliman (fortress) under Muttis
  • Tukkama in Azzi, ruled by a council of elders
  • Ura (fortress)

literature

  • Gary Beckmann, Hittite Diplomatic texts. Atlanta, Scholar's Press 1996.
  • Onofrio Carruba, The Ḫajaša Treaties Ḫattis. In: Erich Neu / Christel Rüster (eds.), Documentum Asiae minoris antiquae . Wiesbaden 1988, 59-75.
  • F. Cornelius, New Work on Hittite Geography. In: Anatolica 1, 1967, 62-77.
  • Igor Michailowitsch Djakonow , The Prehistory of the Armenian People. New York 1948.
  • Emil Forrer , Ḫajasa-Azzi. In: Caucasica 9, 1931, 1-24.
  • Johannes Friedrich : State treaties of the Ḫatti empire in the Hittite language II. Communications of the Near East-Egyptian Society 34. Hinrichs, Leipzig 1930.
  • J. Garstang / O. Gurney, The Geography of the Hittite Empire (London, British Institute of Archeology at Ankara 1959).
  • Hans Gustav Güterbock , The Deeds of Suppiluliuma as told by his son, Mursili II. In: Journal of Cuneiform Studies 10, 1956, 107-130.
  • R. Hewsen, North Central Armenia I: The Principality of Tayk.
  • Peter J. Huber, The solar omen of Muršili II. In: Journal of the American Oriental Society 121, 2001, 640–644.
  • Erich Neu, On the linguistic age of the Ḫukkana contract. In: Journal for Comparative Linguistic Research 93, 1979, 64–84.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Emil Forrer, Hayasa-Azzi-Azzi. Caucasica 9, 1931, 1-24
  2. ↑ Hans Gustav Güterbock : The Deeds of Suppiluliuma as told by his Son, Mursili II. , Journal of Cuneiform Studies 10/4, 1956, 107-130
  3. ^ Yak Yakar : Beyond the borders of the Hittite Empire , In: Heinrich Otten et al. (Ed.): Festschrift Sedat Alp , Türk Tarih Kurumu, Ankara 1992.
  4. ↑ Jak Yakar: Hittite Involvement in Western Anatolia. Anatolian Studies 26, 1976, p. 121
  5. ↑ Jak Yakar: Hittite Involvement in Western Anatolia. Anatolian Studies 26, 1976, p. 122
  6. ^ Ernst Herzfeld: The Persian Empire. Studies in geography and ethnography of the Ancient Near East. Steiner, Wiesbaden 1968
  7. ^ Robert H. Hewsen: Armenia. A historical atlas. University of Chicago Press, Chicago 2001
  8. ^ Antonio Sagona - Claudia Sagona: Archeology at the North-East Anatolian frontier. I. A historical geography and a field survey of the Bayburt province. Ancient Near Eastern Studies 14. Louvain, Peeters 2004, p. 27
  9. ^ Gary Beckman 1996, Hittite Diplomatic texts. Atlanta, Scholar's Press 1996, 22
  10. ^ IM Diakonoff, The Pre-history of the Armenian People, New York 1948, 50
  11. ↑ cf. Claude Levi-Strauss, Basic Forms of Relatives, Frankfurt, Suhrcamp
  12. ^ A b I. M. Diakonoff, The Pre-history of the Armenian People, 50
  13. ^ Johannes Friedrich, State Treaties of the Hatti Empire in Hittite Language II. Communications of the Middle East-Egyptian Society 34, 1930. Leipzig: Hinrichs
  14. ^ IM Diakonoff, The Pre-history of the Armenian People, New York 1948, 49
  15. ^ A b I. M. Diakonoff, The Prehistory of the Armenian People, New York 1948, 50