Hook judge

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Hook judges were district judges in Estonia between 1700 and 1900 , who can also be referred to as Vogt or village judge .

Word origin

The word origin hook judge goes back to the square measure hook .

“In the Middle Ages originally a piece of land that a farmer tilled with a horse, a hook plow and a harrow, later topographical land size, different in the individual landscapes, and finally the tax base of the goods. In Livonia and Estonia, in Swedish times (1602), the hook was calculated according to the performance of the farmers on the estates: a farm with two horses six days a week front and fields of 108 tonnage points and 72 tonnage points bushland. The hook value was assumed to be 60 Reichsthalers. The farm's hook size was calculated by dividing the net yield by 60. According to this, the hook was "no longer a measure of area, but a measure that equally takes into account the quantity and quality of the agriculturally used land for the load-bearing capacity of the rural land with lordly services and taxes on the one hand, and state requirements on the other" (Tobien). The Swedish land appraisal did not take the meadows and garden land into account, but assumed that these corresponded to the utility value of the extraordinary → obedience. BVO 1804 included gardens and meadows and increased the hook value to 80 Rthl. A special tax was created for the extraordinary relief services. The hook system lost its importance through the agricultural reforms of 1816/19 and 1860. In Courland, the Swedish system was adopted in 1717, in particular for the assessment of the → horse service (1 rider to 20 H.) and the state taxes. The re-categorization required for this, however, was not completed until the submission to Russia (1796). The horse service hook should have a value of 80,000 guilders or 26,666 2/3 Rthl. Albertus have. In the 19th century, an item belonging to the → aristocratic flag was counted as a hook, for which 264 souls were recorded in the → soul revision; it corresponded to a voluntary capital of 16,800 rubles or 40,000 florins. "

- BHK , Baltic legal dictionary balt-hiko.de

Choice, function and areas of responsibility

The hook court in the territories of Livonia, Estonia and Courland was the lowest instance of the police administration and the judiciary , it goes back to the 15th century. The hook judge appointed for a certain district had to enforce the decisions on the claims on so-called runaways. Only in Estonia was the name hook judge used, while in Livonia corresponding officials were used as order judges and in Courland the chief judges. They were elected by the Livonian , Estonian and Courland knighthood for a period of three years and sworn in by the higher regional court of the governorate. The office of the hook judge was an honorary post . Her judicial tasks included other extensive activities, including tasks of police supervision, security tasks, maintaining public order and welfare issues . They acted as examining magistrates , secured estates , set boundaries and supervised the recruiting of recruits .

Her further responsibilities included general enforcement tasks, in the Russian era the hook judge was also chief of the district police and supervised the estate and community police . With regard to legal proceedings, the hook judges could serve as assessors at the Netherlands Court . In special cases, the hook judges were free to call in two noble landowners to assess a matter. The amount in dispute that the hook judges could negotiate was 15 rubles. The hook judges decided in summary proceedings.

Districts of the hook judge

The first hook judge districts in Estonia were Harjumaa and Virumaa (Wierland) districts. The Järvamaa and Läänemaa districts followed later . The number of hook judges who had to come from the aristocracy increased from 1798 in the four counties of Estonia to eleven, the following judicial districts existed:

  • Allentakscher hook judge (1802-1888)
  • Ost-Harrischer Hakenrichter (1656-1884)
  • South Harrischer Hakenrichter (1797–1889)
  • West-Harrischer hook judge
  • Ost-Jerwenscher Hakenrichter (1800–1886)
  • South Jerwenscher Hakenrichter (1824–1828)
  • Land-Wiekscher Hakenrichter (1700–1889)
  • Strand-Wiekscher Hakenrichter (1712–1889)
  • Strand-Wierländer (Ranna) Hakenrichter (1712–1889)
  • Strand-Wierländer (Virumaa) Hakenrichter (1807–1888)

and

  • Insular-Wiekscher Hakenrichter (1763–1886).

See also

literature

  • From the hook judge and his office . In: Johann Philipp Gustav Ewers: Des Herzogthums Ehsten Ritter- und Landrechte - Six books with explanatory documents and additional enclosures . Meinshaufensche Buchhandlung, Dorpat 1821, books.google.de
  • Instruction for the hook judges of the Estonian governorate . Ehstländische Gouvernements-Typograph, Reval 1866. Digitized University of Tartu; accessed on June 11, 2015

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Hook judge . In: Adelung
  2. ↑ Hook judge . In: German Academy of Sciences in Berlin (Ed.): German legal dictionary . tape 4 , booklet 9 (edited by Hans Blesken and others). Hermann Böhlaus successor, Weimar ( adw.uni-heidelberg.de - publication date between 1944 and 1951).
  3. ↑ Runaway people were people from the peasant class who had left their place of residence (their clod or hook) without permission. The criminal justice courts were responsible for the re-apprehension and punishment of the runaways. The peasant exemption around 1816 gradually lifted the plaice requirement on balt-hiko.de
  4. ↑ The competence of the Netherlands Court was in the negotiation against nobles , clergy, civil servants and lawyers up to a value in dispute of 60 rubles balt-hiko.de
  5. ^ Summary procedure . Wirtschaftslexikon.gabler.de
  6. ↑ See for example: Johann Herrmann Gressel: Land role of the Ehstländischen Gouvernements . (1840) including the note "Hakenrichter"
  7. ↑ Structure of the judicial hook judge districts in Estonia until 1888/89. eha.ee