Magistrate

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The law enforcement judge was the chairman of a law enforcement court in Livonia in the 17th - 18th centuries . There were several fine dishes to circles were divided and by a volunteer chosen nobles were conducted as fine judge. They belonged to the organs of self-government and ensured “ public order ”. Their extensive areas of responsibility included: maintaining security and order, activities as "market, electricity and beach police", inspecting roads and bridges, collecting taxes , punishing all police offenses, investigating criminal crimes and carrying out those of the District courts passed judgments.

history

Already during the Swedish rule in Livonia, which began in 1629, regulatory courts were established in 1668. At the end of the Swedish reign there were four law courts, which were active in four districts. These were dissolved in 1694 and reactivated in 1710. After the founding of the Baltic Sea Governments , the offices of law enforcement officers were re-established in 1797 and increased to nine in Livonia. In Estonia the office was called the hook judge and in Courland these tasks were performed by the main courts. The nine law courts in Livonia were:

Each regulatory court consisted of a regulatory judge, two adjuncts and, depending on the requirements, special officials who ensured the march through and stay of their own troops within their responsible district, these were called march commissioners . In addition, a notary and one or two actuaries were elected who were appointed for life and had to be confirmed by the governor's government.

Jurisdiction and Fee

The local jurisdiction of the law enforcement judges included the district or district of the law enforcement court. It was mostly involved with police rather than judicial measures. The court hearings took place alternately in different places - but mostly in the district towns. The Öselsche Ordnungsgericht, which had its seat permanently in Arensburg , was an exception . Appeals had to be submitted to the governor's government. The financial remuneration was divided between the nobility and the governor's government and was based on the salary budget . The compensation for travel, accommodation and expenses to other negotiating venues was made up of the people who had requested special procedures for negotiation (e.g. border negotiations, inheritance matters, etc.).

Obligations of the law enforcement judges

In the "Ordinances for the Administration of the Governments of the Russian Empire" by Catherine II (1729–1796), the tasks and responsibilities are clearly described; they must behave according to the following regulation, which is described in the individual chapters (chapter numbers 236 ff.) become:

  • 236. The law enforcement judge should fulfill his duty with unbreakable loyalty and zeal for the service of his Imperial Majesty, with benevolence and philanthropy towards the people, with cautious indulgence without indulgent indulgence in all things, and with constant attention, so that order is established everywhere by everyone and everyone observed in a circle and preserved undisturbed.
  • 237. Of keeping the oath of submissive loyalty to the person of the Imperial Majesty, and of preventing all these contrary undertakings.
  • 238. On the investigation of infectious diseases , and the healing of the sick.
  • 239. Of the plague and the caution to be exercised in it.
  • 240. Of the living places infected with the same disease and of the care for the human race.
  • 241. Of caution in the event of a cattle epidemic .
  • 242. The disobedient are to be brought to obedience.
  • 243. How the law enforcement judge should behave in the event of violence in a circle.
  • 244. About extermination of a band of robbers or lost people .
  • 245. The law enforcement judge does not punish anyone unauthorized.
  • 246. From supervision to the orderly maintenance and cleanliness of bridges and paths.
  • 247. The troops marching through a circle.
  • 248. From the pasture assigned to the troops in the circle .
  • 249. Beware of conflagrations and forest fires.
  • 250. The regiments will be given no wood for the purpose of regimental baggage, because this money is directed from the till. For cooking the groats in the camp, camp wood is given.
  • 251. From encouragement to agriculture and to industriousness.
  • 252. Of caring for the poor and needy, and of catching the idlers roaming around as beggars .

See also

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Order court / order judge. In: Baltic Historical Commission BHK - Baltic Legal Dictionary [1] (BPR I § 397 ff .; Tobien, Ritterschaft I 484; Bunge, Geschichte 234; Latv. Enc. 988.)
  2. ↑ Gentleness = mild = mild and moderate. In: The current German spelling from A to Z, Naumann & Göbel Verlagsgesellschaft, Cologne, 1996, ISBN 3-625-10451-2
  3. ↑ Your Imperial Majesty Catharina the Second ... Regulations for the administration of the governorates of the Russian Empire. Translated from the Russian by Christian Gottlieb von Arndt , Verlag JJ Weitbrecht , 1776, original from University of Michigan , digitized June 8, 2006 [2] , page 74 ff., Accessed December 6, 2016