Livonian knighthood
The Livonian Knighthood was from the second half of the 16th century until 1920, the political and legal merger of the predominantly German Baltic nobility in the north of present-day Latvia and in the south of present-day Estonia . Due to the status privileges guaranteed by the respective sovereign, the political influence and the large agricultural landowners, the knighthood outside the cities was the ruling class of the country until the end of the 19th century. The Livonian knighthood had its seat from 1755 to 1865 in the old knight's house and from 1862 to 1920 in the newly built knight's house in Riga .
The knighthood is a member of the Association of the Baltic Knighthoods .
history
Within the individual territories of Altlivland , the vassal families joined together to form knights to defend and maintain their rights and possessions. This corporate organization was granted land-class rights and officially recognized as early as the 14th century.
The privileges of chivalry were each confirmed case of changing sovereigns, as happened in 1561 by the King of Poland Sigismund II. August , 1629 by . Gustav II Adolf , king of Sweden, and 1710 by the Russian Czar I. Peter .
Through the agricultural legislation of the years 1816 to 1819, the land-owning nobility of the Baltic Sea Governments were given the right and duty to establish elementary schools (also known as "peasant schools ") in the manor districts and villages belonging to them. Questions about the education of the rural population in the Livonian Chivalry Landtag repeatedly gave rise to debates between the conservatives and the reformers in the Livonian nobility, as well as in the Livonian Provincial Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church .
In the course of the October Revolution in Russia in 1917 and the turmoil of World War I , Estonia on February 24, 1918 and Latvia on November 18, 1918, declared their state independence from Russia as republics. Attempts by the German Empire to bring the Baltic States politically under German sovereignty with the creation of the United Baltic Duchy ultimately failed in November 1918. The Livonian knighthood was then dissolved as a corporation under public law .
The Livonian Non-Profit Association was founded in Riga in 1920, and the members of the knighthood who emigrated to the German Reich founded the Association of the Livonian Nobility in Rostock. These associations continued the tradition of knighthood. In 1949 today's Association of the Baltic Knights was established. V. founded, in which the Livonian knighthood is integrated together with its three sister knighthoods.
Coat of arms of the knighthood
The coat of arms of the Livonian Knighthood was awarded by the King of Poland in 1566 on the occasion of the unification of Livonia and Lithuania. It is the coat of arms of the Livonian administrator and general Jan Chodkiewicz with the initials of King Sigismund II August .
Land marshals of the Livonian knighthood
From 1695 to 1710 there were "Landtag directors" and from 1783 to 1797 " noble marshals ".
- 1643 : Otto von Mengden
- 1643 : Engelbrecht von Mengden
- 1645 : Johann Eberhard von Bellingshausen
- 1646 : Heinrich von Cronstiern
- 1646 : Ernst von Mengden
- 1648–1650: Hermann von Gordian
- 1650–1653: Gustav Adolf Clodt von Jürgensburg
- 1653–1660: Gustav von Mengden
- 1660–1664: Gustav Carl von Wulffen
- 1664–1667: Gotthard Johann von Budberg
- 1667–1673: Jakob Stael von Holstein
- 1669–1670: Johann von Buddenbrock
- 1673–1676: Otto Friedrich von Vietinghoff
- 1676–1680: Ernst Johann von Rosen
- 1680–1683: Otto Reinhold von Albedyll
- 1683–1690: Georg (Jürgen) Conrad von Ungern-Sternberg
- 1690–1693: Johann Heinrich Streiff von Lauenstein
- 1695, 1697: Gustav Ernst von Albedyll
- 1697 : Ernst von Plater
- 1699–1700: Leonhard Gustav von Budberg
- 1710 : Georg Reinhold von Tiesenhausen
- 1710 : Johann Albrecht von Mengden
- 1710–1712: Magnus Gustav von Mengden
- 1712–1717: Magnus Johann von Plater
- 1715–1729: Berend Dietrich von Bock (Dorpater Kreis)
- 1720–1723: Woldemar Johann von Ungern-Sternberg (Dorpater Kreis)
- 1717–1721: Otto Christoph von Richter
- 1723–1727: Gotthard Wilhelm von Budberg
- 1727–1730: Gotthard Wilhelm von Berg
- 1730–1737: Caspar Friedrich von Buddenbrock
- 1737–1742: Johann Gustav von Budberg
- 1742–1747: Heinrich Gustav von Patkul
- 1747–1759: Gustav Heinrich von Igelström
- 1759–1765: Leonhard Johann von Budberg
- 1765 : Adolf Heinrich von Anrep
- 1769–1775: Carl Gustav von Mengden
- 1775–1777: Caspar Heinrich von Rosenkampf
- 1777–1783: Franz Wilhelm von Rennenkampff
- 1783–1786: Leonhard Johann von Budberg
- 1786–1792: Moritz Friedrich von Gersdorff
- 1792–1797: Friedrich von Sievers
- 1797 : Otto Johann Magnus von Richter
- 1798–1800: Christian Friedrich von Ungern-Sternberg
- 1800–1803: Gustav Johann von Buddenbrock
- 1803–1806: Carl Gustav von Samson-Himmelstjerna
- 1808–1809: Carl Johann von Numers
- 1809–1812: Andreas von Below
- 1812–1818: Friedrich Reinhold Schoultz von Ascheraden
- 1818–1822: Friedrich von Löwis of Menar
- 1822–1824: Otto von Richter (vicarious)
- 1824–1827: Georg Carl von Jarmersted
- 1827–1830: Friedrich Johann von Löwenwolde
- 1830–1833: Friedrich von Grote
- 1833–1836: Carl Gotthard von Liphart
- 1836–1838: Eduard von Richter
- 1839–1842: Alexander von Oettingen
- 1842–1844: Ferdinand August Nikolaus von Hagemeister
- 1844–1848: Carl Reinhold Georg von Lilienfeld
- 1848–1851: Hamilkar von Fölkersahm
- 1851–1854: Gustav Fromhold von Nolcken
- 1854–1856: Christian von Stein
- 1857–1862: August Georg Friedrich von Oettingen
- 1862–1866: Paul von Lieven
- 1866–1869: Georg Carl von Lilienfeld
- 1869–1870: Gustav Fromhold von Nolcken
- 1870–1872: Nikolai Conrad Peter von Oettingen
- 1872–1884: Heinrich Anton Hermann von Bock
- 1884–1908: Friedrich von Meyendorff
- 1906–1918: Adolf Pilar von Pilchau
- 1918–1919: Heinrich Eduard von Stryk
Affiliation
The nobility register was completed in 1747 after two drafts in 1742 and 1745. At that time, a total of 172 genders were registered with the Livonian Knighthood. Today the Livonian register contains 446 entries, covering 378 genders, 110 of which have survived to the present day.
Enrolled genders
Genders extinct within the knighthood are marked with (†). However, this does not necessarily mean that these are entirely, i.e. also outside of the Livonian knighthood, descended in the male line. Furthermore, several lines, branches or houses of a family can be enrolled separately and independently of each other, which is why double answers occur.
- A derkas
- Adlerberg (†)
- Ǻkerman
- Albedyl
- Anhorn von Hartwiss (†)
- Anrep
- Anrep-Elmpt (†)
- Arps from Arpshofen
- B aehr
- Balugjansky (†)
- Baranoff and Baranow
- Barclay de Tolly (†)
- Barclay de Tolly-Weymarn (†)
- de la Barre (†)
- Bayer (†)
- Bayer von Weißfeldt (†)
- Becker (†)
- Beckern (†)
- Behaghel of Adlerscron (†)
- Bekleschow (†)
- Bellingshausen (†)
- Below (†)
- Benckendorff
- Berends (†)
- Berens (†)
- Berens von Rautenfeld
- Berg adH Kandel (†)
- Berg adH Kattentack
- Bergholtz (†)
- Besborodko (†)
- Biel (†)
- Bielsky (†)
- Biron
- Blanckenhagen
- Flowers (†)
- Bobrinsky (†)
- Bock adH Lachmes
- Bock adH Suddenbach (†)
- Boettiger (†)
- Boltho von Hohenbach (†)
- Borch-Lubeschütz
- Bornemann (†)
- Boye (†)
- Brackel
- Brandt (†)
- Brash
- Breverns
- Broel called Plater
- Broemsen
- Browne-Camus (†)
- Bruggen
- Bruemmer
- Bruiningk
- Bruiningk ad H. Hellenorm (†)
- Bruiningk ad H. Wesselshof (†)
- Budberg-Boenninghausen
- Buddenbrook (†)
- Buhrmeister
- Buses (†)
- Buturlin (†)
- Buxhoeveden
- C ahdeus (†)
- Campenhausen
- Cancrin (†)
- Ceumern and Ceumern-Lindenstjerna
- Clapier de Colongue
- Clodt from Juergensburg
- Cronmann (†)
- D aschkov (†)
- Stretch
- Delwig (†)
- Demidow (†)
- Derfelden
- Diebitsch-Sabalkansky (†)
- Dietz (†)
- Dinggraven (†)
- Ditmar
- Dittmar (†)
- Dolgoruky (†)
- Drentels
- Drewnick (†)
- Dubelt (†)
- Dücker (†)
- Dühamel (†)
- Gloomy fire
- Dunten (†)
- E kesparre
- Emme (†)
- Engelhardt
- Ermes (†)
- eat
- Essen-Stenbock-Fermor (†)
- Ewers (†)
- F ermor (†)
- Heels
- Fuck (†)
- Fischbach (†)
- Fisherman (†)
- Foelckersahm , Voelckersahm
- Freymann ad H. Nursie
- Freymann ad H. Waimel-Neuhof (†)
- Freytag-Loringhoven
- Fromhold (†)
- Fox (†)
- Funcke (†)
- G alitzin (†)
- Gavel
- Gladly large (†)
- Gersdorff
- Glasenapp
- Golovin (†)
- Golovkin (†)
- Golubtsov (†)
- Gorchakov
- Graß ad H. Engelhardtshof (†)
- Grote
- Grotenhielm (†)
- Grotthuss
- Gruenewaldt
- Güldenhoff (†)
- Güldenstubbe
- Gunzel (†)
- Guillemot de Villebois
- Gyllenschmidt (†)
- H agemeister
- Rooster
- Handtwig
- Hanenfeldt (†)
- Hansen
- Hehn
- Helffreich
- Brighter (†)
- Helmersen
- Hertel (†)
- Hilchen (†)
- Hildebrandt (†)
- Hirschheydt
- Holmdorff (†)
- Howen
- Hoyningen-Huene
- I gelström
- J aeger (†)
- Jaguschinski (†)
- Jankiewitz (†)
- Jarmersted (†)
- K ahlen ad H. Neu-Kalzenau
- Kahlen ad H. Seltinghof (†)
- Kallmann (†)
- Kawer
- Kessler (†)
- Keyserlingk
- Kieter
- Kirchner (†)
- Klebeck (†)
- Klot
- Klüver (†)
- Knee strap (†)
- Knorre, Knorring
- Kocken von Grünbladt (†)
- Koehler (†)
- Korff Schmysingk called Korff
- Koskull
- Kosodavlev (†)
- Kotschubey (†)
- Kotzebue Pilar from Pilchau (†)
- Krause
- Kreusch
- Kroeger
- Kropotkin
- Krüdener
- Krüdener-Struve
- Kruse (†)
- Kurakin (†)
- de L a Trobe
- Lacy (†)
- Lambert (†)
- Lauw (†)
- Le Fort (†)
- Licking (†)
- Lieven
- Lilienfeld Toal
- Linden (†)
- Liphart
- Lode (†)
- Loudon
- Lion star
- Löwenwolde (†)
- Lowis of Menar
- M alama (†)
- Manderstjerna († in Sweden)
- Manecken (†)
- Manteuffel (†)
- Masslow (†)
- Maydell
- Meck (†)
- Medem
- Meiners (†)
- Mellin (†)
- Mengden
- Menshikov (†)
- Mensenkampff
- Merzahn von Klingstaedt (†)
- Meyendorff
- Meyer ad H. Duhrenhof (†)
- Meyer ad H. Lysohn Druween (†)
- Michelsohnen (†)
- Middendorff
- Moeller, Moller ad H. Sommerpahlen
- Möller ad H. Kersel (†)
- to the mills
- Müller ad H. Blumbergshof (†)
- Müller ad H. Catharinenhof (†)
- Müller ad H. Immofer (†)
- Müller ad H. Rüssel (†)
- Müller ad H. Weissensee
- Münnich (†)
- N andelstaedt (†)
- Nasackin
- Neck lick
- Emergency worker (†)
- Novosilzow (†)
- Numers (†)
- Oe ttingen
- Oldenburg (†)
- Orlov (†)
- O'Rourke (†)
- East called sacks
- Ostermann (†)
- P ahlen
- Palmenbach (†)
- Palm tree (†)
- Pander
- Panin (†)
- Paskewitsch-Eriwansky Prince Warschawski (†)
- Patkul
- Marquis Paulucci (†)
- Paykull (†)
- Peetz (†)
- Piele called arrow (†)
- Pilar Pilchau
- Pistohlkors
- Poll
- Posse (†)
- Priauda (†)
- R adebandt (†)
- Rading
- Breed
- Rathlef (†)
- Rechenberg called Linten
- Deer
- Reichardt (†)
- Rennkampff
- Reusner (†)
- Reuters
- Reutz
- Reyer (†)
- Judge
- Rickmann (†)
- Roenne
- Raw land (†)
- Rokossovsky (†)
- Rosen ad H. Hochrosen Roop
- Rosen ad H. Kaltenbrunn, Weinjerwen Kardina
- Rosenkampff (†)
- Roth
- Rothkirch (†)
- Ruckteschel, Ruckteschell
- Ruden (†)
- Rücker
- Rumyantsov (†)
- S Änger (†)
- Samson-Himmelstjerna
- Sat
- Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg (†)
- Shafirov (†)
- Mock bird (†)
- Sheremetyev (†)
- Scheumann (†)
- Schilling ad H. Kalliküll
- Schlippenbach
- Schoultz (†)
- Schoultz of Ascheraden
- Schrader (†)
- Strider of Strider Field (†)
- Schroeder ad H. Aahaken (†)
- Schroeder ad H. Burtneck
- Schroeders adH Bersemünde
- Schubert
- Zhukovsky (†)
- School man
- Schultz (†)
- Schultzen (†)
- Schulz (†)
- Shuvalov
- Schwebs (†)
- Schwengelm (†)
- Sievers
- Sivers ad H. Duckern (†)
- Sivers ad H. Euseküll
- Skogh (†)
- Smitten
- Solms Tecklenburg (†)
- Summer (†)
- Spalchaber (†)
- Ssuworow-Rimnikski Italiiski (†)
- Staal
- Stackelberg
- Staden
- Stael of Holstein
- Stahrenschild (†)
- Perennials (†)
- Stone (†)
- Stenbock Fermor
- Star field (†)
- Star ray (†)
- Stjernhjelm (†)
- Straelborn (†)
- Beach man
- Stroganov
- Strohkirch (†)
- Stryk
- Subov
- T aube
- Taubert (†)
- Teyls (†)
- Thielau (†)
- Tideböhl
- Tiesenhausen
- Tobien
- Great
- Torklus (†)
- Dead life
- Transehe-Roseneck
- Trompowski
- Trubezkoy (†)
- Chernishev (†)
- Choglokov (†)
- Ue xkull
- Uexküll gold ribbon
- Ulrich ad H. Bremenhof Ruil (†)
- Ulrich ad H. Wahhenorm (†)
- Ulrichen (†)
- Ungern-Sternberg
- V egesack
- Vietinghoff-Riesch
- Vietinghoff-Scheel
- W agner (†)
- choice
- Valuev (†)
- Aquarius (†)
- Vasilchikov
- Weiß ad H. Johannenhof (†)
- Weißmann (†)
- Weißmann von Weißenstein (†)
- Turn (†)
- Wenge called Lambsdorff
- Wessel (†)
- Weymarn
- Wiedau (†)
- Wilcken ad H. Bewershof
- Wilcken ad H. Kerjel (†)
- Witte von Schwanenberg (†)
- Vyasemsky (†)
- Wolff
- Wolffeldt (†)
- Wolffenschildt (†)
- Volkonsky
- Vorontsov (†)
- Wrangell
- Wrisberg (†)
- Wulf ad H. Parzimois (†)
- Wulf ad H. Serbigal
- Z eddelmann
- Zimmermann ad H. Kegeln Stubbensee (†)
- Zoeckell (†)
- Zoege Manteuffel
- Zoritsch (†)
See also
literature
- Anton Friedrich Büsching : Knightly register of the Duchy of Liefland. In: Magazine for the new history and geography. Part 3, Hamburg 1769, pp. 231-240 .
- Genealogical manual of the Baltic knighthoods part 1, 1: Livonia, Görlitz 1929, ( full text ).
- Genealogical manual of the Baltic knighthoods part 1, 2: Livonia, Lfg. 9–15, Görlitz 1929, ( full text ).
- August Wilhelm Hupel : Materials on a Lieflland nobility history. In: Nordic Miscellanees . St. 15-17, Riga 1788, pp. 11-732 .
- Carl Arvid Klingspor : Baltic heraldic book. Stockholm 1882, p. 31ff .
- Georg von Krusenstjern : The land marshals and district administrators of the Livonian and the Öselschen knighthood in portraits. Hamburg 1963.
- Alexander von Tobien: The Livonian knighthood in its relationship to tsarism and Russian nationalism. 2 volumes, Löffler de Gruyter, Riga; Berlin 1925
- Astaf von Transehe-Roseneck : Genealogical manual of the Livonian knighthood. Volume 2, Görlitz (approx.) 1935, ( full text ).
- On the history of the knights of Livonia and Oesel. Published by the Livonian Knighthood and the Oesel Knighthood, Pfaffenhofen / Ilm 1974.
Web links
Footnotes
- ^ Vija Daukšte: Education as a political factor in the history of Latvia. The peasant school and educational policy of the Baltic German knights in the 19th century . In: Imbi Sooman, Stefan Donecker (eds.): The “Baltic Frontier” revisited. Power structures and cross-cultural interactions in the Baltic Sea Region . Vienna 2009, ISBN 978-3-9501575-1-2 , pp. 107–120, here pp. 110–111.
- ^ Vija Daukšte: Education as a political factor in the history of Latvia. The peasant school and educational policy of the Baltic German knights in the 19th century . In: Imbi Sooman, Stefan Donecker (eds.): The “Baltic Frontier” revisited. Power structures and cross-cultural interactions in the Baltic Sea Region . Vienna 2009, ISBN 978-3-9501575-1-2 , pp. 107–120, here pp. 112–115.
- ↑ C. von Rautenfeld: The Livonian land marshals from 1643 to 1899 . With an introduction by Friedrich Bienemann. In: Baltic Monthly Publication 47, 1899, pp. 145–212; Georg von Krusenstjern : The land marshals and district administrators of the Livonian and the Öselschen knighthood in portraits. Hamburg 1963.