Buxhoeveden

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Coat of arms of those of Buxhoeveden

Buxhoeveden is the name of an ancient noble family of presumably noble origins from the archbishopric of Bremen , from where from 1200 several representatives moved to the Baltic States as spiritual missionaries and crusaders, where they founded the city of Riga , among others , and appointed several bishops in the Middle Ages. The Lower Saxony line died out around 1450 , the German-Baltic line still exists today.

The family is of the same tribe and coat of arms with the von der Ropp .

history

The ancestral castle was in Bexhövede near Bremerhaven. In its immediate vicinity, Geldmar, Albert and Lüder von Bexhövede founded the Johannes-der- Täufer -Kirche (Bexhövede) as a separate church , which was built between 1178 and 1184 and consecrated around 1180; It was first mentioned in a document in 1185.

Statue of Bishop Albert von Buxthoeven at Riga Cathedral

In 1199 Albert von Buxthoeven , the canon and head of the cathedral school in Bremen , was ordained Bishop of Livonia (today's Archdiocese of Riga ) by his uncle Archbishop Hartwig II . Once there, he founded the city of Riga in 1200 and in 1202 the Order of the Brothers of the Sword , which soon competed with him and his successors for supremacy in Livonia. In 1207 he was appointed imperial prince by King Philip of Swabia and enfeoffed with Livonia; he officiated until his death in 1229 and is considered one of the most important missionary bishops of the 13th century.

Albert had a number of brothers who followed him as crusaders to Livonia: Hermann , later Bishop of Dorpat , Rotmar , provost in Dorpat, as well as the half-brothers Engelbert , provost of Riga, and the lay people Johannes "de Bikkeshovede" and Theodoricus de Ropa . Johannes de Bikkeshovede is the progenitor of the Livonian family branch that still exists today . He has been attested since 1224 as " vasallus ecclesiae Rigensis " ( vassal of the Church of Riga). He is the only one of the brothers to be referred to by his last name (only once). The von der Ropp family is descended from the brother Theodoricus (called de Ropa or de Raupena ) ; he named himself after his first fiefdom in Livonia, which was on the Roop (Latvian Straupe ).

Hermann I. von Buxthoeven (1163-1248), a brother of Bishop Albert, had previously been abbot of the Paulskloster in Bremen and became Bishop of Leal ( Lihula ) in Livonia in 1220 and moved the bishopric to Dorpat (now Tartu) in 1224 , thereby establishing the foundation the diocese of Dorpat . The family then provided other church princes in the Baltic States: Hermann II von Buxhöwden (1230–1285) was bishop of Ösel-Wiek from 1262 and founder of the city of Hapsal with the Hapsal castle and the cathedral and the Arensburg on Ösel . Reinhold von Buxhoeveden († 1557) was also Bishop of Ösel-Wiek from 1532 to 1541. He became known for his defensive battle against Wilhelm von Brandenburg , the last Archbishop of Riga, who tried to conquer the island of Ösel for his brother, the Prussian Duke Albrecht I of Brandenburg-Ansbach , Grand Master of the Teutonic Order .

The noble family belonged to the knighthood of the diocese of Bremen-Verden (extinct there around 1450) as well as to the Livonian knighthood , Estonian knighthood and Oeselian knighthood , the count's line also to the Kurland knighthood .

The name of an Estonian manor of the family and the then German name of the place Neeruti were derived from the noble family Buxhoeveden (see: List of Estonian places ).

Nobility uprisings

The elevation to the Prussian count status took place on December 18, 1795 in Berlin , to the Russian count status on July 5 . / April 16,  1797 greg. in Saint Petersburg , both for the Imperial Russian Major General Friedrich von Buxhöwden .

The Russian recognition of the right to use the baron title for the entire sex was made by Senatsukas on July 12th . / May 24th  1861 greg. in Saint Petersburg. The name change from " Buxhöwden " to " Buxhoeveden " was made by the imperial Russian Senatsukas on July 7th . / July 20,  1902 greg. approved.

coat of arms

Family coat of arms from 1277

The oldest surviving seal from 1277 shows a red rafter , five times tinned in silver , on which a silver fox climbs on the helmet with red-silver covers of the tin rafters on both sides.

Coat of arms from 1797

Square and topped with a golden heart shield, inside the Russian imperial eagle topped with the crowned imperial initial " P " (for Tsar Paul ); 1 and 4 in blue the crowned black, gold reinforced, with lily stems and the royal monogram " FW " (for the Prussian King Friedrich Wilhelm II. ) Covered Prussian eagles, 2 and 3 as family coat of arms. Three helmets, on the right a heraldic helmet, on the middle one with the blue and gold cover on the right, the red and silver cover on the left, on the left one with a blue and gold cover an armored sword arm. Shield holder : on the right a black eagle, on the left a golden lion, both opposing.

Family tree up to the division of the houses (extract)

  • Heidenreich III. de Bekeshovede (mentioned 1315) ⚭ NN von Wackerbardt
    • Johannes V. von Buxhoeveden, Stiftsrat (mentioned 1315) ⚭ NN von Dohlen
      • Bartholomäus von Buxhoeveden, monastery envoy
        • Albrecht von Buxhoeveden (mentioned 1420) ⚭ NN
          • Heinrich IV of Buxhoeveden († around 1484) ⚭ Margarethe von Koskull
            • Heinrich V. von Buxhoeveden († after 1494) ⚭ NN
              • Johann I. von Buxhoeveden ⚭ 1512 Ursula von der Pahlen
                • Johann II of Buxhoeveden (mentioned 1540) ⚭ NN
                  • Johann III. von Buxhoeveden ⚭ Anna von Dönhoff
                    • Claus von Buxhoeveden ⚭ Sophia von Bock
                      • Wilhelm von Buxhoeveden ⚭ I) Dorothea von Clodt , II) Elisabeth v. Hohenastenberg gen. V. Wiegandt
                        • Wolter II of Buxhoeveden († 1684/85) ⚭ Elisabeth Dorothea von Klot-Heydenfeldt
                          • Wolter III. von Buxhoeveden († 1698) ⚭ Dorothea Magdalena von Wrangell
                            • Christoph Reinhold von Buxhoeveden ⚭ I) Gertrud von Vietinghoff , ⚭ II) Agnes von Puttkamer
                              • Otto Reinhold von Buxhoeveden (1699-1710)
                            • Nikolaus Friedrich von Buxhoeveden ⚭ Charlotte Magdalena von Klüchtzner
                              • Wolter IV of Buxhoeveden († 1731)
                          • Wolmar Johann von Buxhoeveden ⚭ Eva von Patkul
                            • Claus Friedrich von Buxhoeveden († 1712)
        • Otto I. von Buxhoeveden (mentioned 1430, brother of Albrecht) ⚭ NN Scherenbecke
          • Otto II von Buxhoeveden (mentioned 1503, † 1516) ⚭ Else von der Ropp
            • Johannes X. von Buxhoeveden on padel († 1548) ⚭ I) Angel of Orgies, ⚭ II) Barbara Dönhoff
              • Otto III. from Buxhoeveden to padel († 1575) ⚭ Anna Ovelacker († 1598)
                • Otto von Buxhoeveden ⚭ Anna von Wehren
                • Reinhold von Buxhoeveden on Pallifer (1585–1640) ⚭ (1600) Sophie Schenk von Wehren
                  • Johann Friedrich von Buxhoeveden († 1667) ⚭ I) Elisabeth von Treyden , II) Gerduta Catharina von Knorring
                    • Franz Otto von Buxhoeveden († 1710) ⚭ Catharina Elisabeth von Güntersberg
                    • Reinhold Johann (Jean) von Buxhoeveden († 1695) ⚭ I) Clara Katharina Theophili, ⚭ II) Catharina von Kobes († 1729)
                    • Carl Heinrich von Buxhoeveden († 1691) ⚭ Elsa Elisabeth von Nieroth
                    • Adam Johann von Buxhoeveden († 1754) ⚭ I) Barbara Gerdruta von Engelhardt , II) Magdalena von Uexküll -Güldenband
                    • Gustav Friedrich von Buxhoeveden (1653-1690) ⚭ Anna Sophia von Aderkas († 1689) ⚭ II) Agneta Juliana Adam († 1709)
                  • Reinhold von Buxhoeveden (1604-1674?) ⚭ I) 1634 Maria Margaretha von Hastfer , II) 1639 Sophie Magdalena von Taube (1621-1677)
                    • Otto Friedrich von Buxhoeveden (1640-1667) ⚭ Gertrud Elisabeth von Wrangel
                      • Karl Gustav von Buxhoeveden (1661-1734) ⚭ 1705 Maria Agatha von Fersen
                        • Gerhard Johann von Buxhoeveden (1711-1761) ⚭ Anna Charlotta Ludwig von Rettig
                      • Otto Reinhold von Buxhoeveden (1662-1705) ⚭ Barbara Juliane von Uexküll -Güldenband

The former bishop's castle Lohde was given to her lover Grigori Grigoryevich Orlov by Tsarina Catherine the Great in 1771 . After his death in 1783, she bought the castle back from their son, Count Bobrinski , and gave it to Orlow's illegitimate daughter Nathalia Aleksandrowna Aleksejewa (1761-1808), who in 1777 married the later General Friedrich von Buxhoeveden, who was raised to the rank of count in 1795/97 . It has long been suspected that Nathalia also came from Orlov's connection with the Tsarina, but it is more likely that she and her sister Elisabeth arose from a liaison with Princess Kurakina , née Countess Apraksina. Bishop Reinhold von Buxhoeveden had rebuilt the castle into its present form in 1441 and his coat of arms is still on the facade. Lohde remained in the possession of the Counts of Buxhoeveden until the land reform during the War of Independence in 1919.

Well-known namesake

Bishop's coat of arms of Reinhold von Buxhoeveden († 1557), Prince-Bishop of Ösel-Wiek, at Lohde Castle

literature

  • Genealogical manual of the nobility , Adelslexikon Volume II, page 205, Volume 58 of the complete series, CA Starke Verlag, Limburg (Lahn) 1974, ISSN  0435-2408
  • Hans-Albert von Buxhoeveden: Family history Buxhoeveden. Hamburg summer 1962, printing company Wolfgang Marx KG., Hamburg 26.

Web links

Commons : Buxhoeveden  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Cf. Friedrich Benninghoven: The Order of the Brothers of the Swords : Fratres milicie Christi de Livonia ; Böhlau, Cologne, 1965
  2. ↑ The Knights of the Order Pour le Mérite 1740-1807, Virtual Register of the Winners of the Prussian Bravery Award: Buxhoeveden, Alexander Fedorowitsch v. (1795), entry on: Institute for German Nobility Research The Knights of the Order Pour le Mérite 1740-1807 ( Memento from February 7, 2008 in the Internet Archive )