Ivan Fyodorovich Paskevich
Ivan Paskevich-Eriwanski, Count of Yerevan, Prince of Warsaw (also Paskiewitsch written; Russian Иван Фёдорович Паскевич, граф Эриванский ; born May 8 . Jul / 19th May 1782 greg. In Poltava , † January 20 jul. / 1 February 1856 greg. In Warsaw ) was a marshal of the Russian army .
Life
He joined the page corps of Catherine II on March 3, 1794 and was made a personal page by Paul I on August 12, 1800 . On October 17, 1800, he joined the Preobrazhensky regiment as a lieutenant and imperial wing adjutant .
Early career
After fighting near Austerlitz , he was transferred to the Danube Army in 1806 and took part in the campaigns against Turkey until 1812. In 1808 he was seriously wounded in the storming of Brailow and earned the Order of Anna 2nd class. He took part in the battles of Tultscha and Hirsova , led a hunter battalion in the battle of Rassowat and distinguished himself on September 27, 1808 in the storming of Silistra . On May 28, 1810 he took part as commander of the Vitebsk Grenadier Regiment in the battle of Mangalia and on July 3, 1811 in the storming of Bazardjik. His share in the victory at Batyn, which led to the surrender of Rustschuk on September 8, 1810 brought him promotion to major general . On January 29, 1811 he was appointed head of the Orel Infantry Regiment and on June 18 he took over the command of the 1st Brigade of the 26th Division.
He distinguished himself in 1812 under Prince Bagration on July 25th in the battle of Soltanowka, later he led the 26th division in the battles near Smolensk , Borodino , Malojaroslawez , Vjasma and Krasnoi . In the spring of 1813 he and his division besieged the Modlin fortress for six months and after participating in the Battle of Kulm and the Battle of Leipzig on October 18, 1813, Tsar Alexander I promoted him to lieutenant general. In the 1814 campaign, he distinguished himself by storming Arcis-sur-Aube and at the battle of Montmartre (Paris).
Paskewitsch accompanied Grand Duke Michael 1817-1820 on his travels through Europe and in 1823 was appointed adjutant general of the emperor.
Success in the Caucasus
In 1826 the war broke out in the Caucasus , Tsar Nicholas I appointed him corps commander and initially placed him under the army of General Yermolov in Georgia . On September 25, his troops defeated the Persians under the heir to the throne Abbas Mirza near Jelisawetpol (today: Gəncə, Azerbaijan). For this victory Paskiewitsch was promoted from the tsar to general of the infantry and received the supreme command of his own army. The next year he conquered Persian Armenia and, after taking Yerevan on October 13, 1827 and occupying Tauris and Ardabil , concluded the Peace of Turkmanchai on February 22, 1828 , whereupon he was made Count of Yerevan.
After the renewed outbreak of the Russo-Turkish War, Paskevich invaded Asian Turkey on June 26, 1828, and stormed the fortress of Kars on July 6 . His troops took Akalkalaki on August 3rd, on August 22nd the Turkish troops under Kiossa Pascha were defeated at Akalkalik and this place was occupied the following day. On August 28, the Doğubeyazıt fortress was captured by troops under Prince Chavchavadze , and a second Turkish army was defeated at the sources of the Euphrates .
For the continuation of the campaign, larger supplies had to be brought in before operations against the Serasker of Erzurum, Salegh Pascha, could begin in 1829. On August 9, Paskevich entered Erzurum and became marshal . In 1830 he subjugated the hill tribes in Dagestan
Intervene in Poland, Hungary and the Crimean War
In mid-June 1831, as a result of the November uprising and the death of Field Marshal Diebitsch, he took over command of the army in Poland . He initially attracted reinforcements, secured his supply routes over the Vistula and then began the siege of Warsaw from the west and north from mid-August. On September 6th and 7th his army won the decisive battle for Warsaw near Wola and forced entry into the Polish capital the following day. For the capture of Warsaw he was made Prince of Warsaw by the tsar and appointed governor of Poland and began the Russification of the country. On February 26, 1832, he implemented the Organic Statute that united Poland with Russia.
When the Russian intervention in Hungary was decided during the revolution of 1849 , Paskewitsch brought about the surrender of the Hungarian army at Világos (now Romania) and the submission of the country. In 1850 he was appointed Field Marshal General by the Emperor of Austria and the King of Prussia .
In April 1854, after the start of the Crimean War, at the express request of Nicholas I , he took over the supreme command of the Russian troops in the Danube principalities . He began to siege the strategically important fortress of Silistra at the end of April 1854 . The Ottoman general Omar Pascha brought up a relief army on June 10 and was victorious in the fighting off Silistra. Paskevich left the army after being hit by shrapnel and became governor of Poland again. The siege of Silistra had to be abandoned on June 23, after 55 days.
Paskevich died on January 20, July / February 1, 1856 greg. in Warsaw from stomach cancer. A bronze statue was erected there in 1870 .
Others
In 1854, the story of a fortune teller appeared in the Innsbrucker Nachrichten, who prophesied Paskiewitsch that he would “only live two more years.” He actually died in 1856.
The standard variant of the Hungarian tarot , Paskievics , is said to be named after Paskewitsch.
literature
- Jaromir Hirtenfeld : The military Maria Theresa order and its members. 4th division: 1823-1850. Kaiserl.-Königl. Hof- u. Staatsdruckerei, Vienna 1857, pp. 1719–1723.
- Felix Fonton: Russia in Asia Minor. Or the campaign of General Paskewitsch in the years 1828 and 1829. Mittler, Berlin et al. 1846.
Web links
- Biography of Ivan Fyodorovich Paskevich (en)
- Article Iwan Fjodorowitsch Paskewitsch in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia (BSE) , 3rd edition 1969–1978 (Russian)
Individual evidence
| personal data | |
|---|---|
| SURNAME | Paskewitsch, Ivan Fyodorowitsch |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Paskewitsch, Ivan Fedorowitsch; Паскевич, Иван Фёдорович (Russian) |
| BRIEF DESCRIPTION | Count Eriwansky, Prince of Warsaw, Russian Marshal |
| DATE OF BIRTH | May 19, 1782 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Poltava |
| DATE OF DEATH | February 1, 1856 |
| Place of death | Warsaw |