Hamburg Senate 1861–1919

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The Senate moved into the new town hall on October 26, 1897, Hugo Vogel 1904
Flag of the Hamburg Senate

According to the constitution passed on September 28, 1860, the Hamburg Senate consisted of 24 members from 1861 onwards. Of these, 18 were senators with voting rights (in senatu) and 6 non-voting members (de senatu), of which originally 2 were Syndici (see also Senatssyndicus ) and 4 Senate secretaries. This changed over time. While the senators were elected for life by the Hamburg parliament, the senate appointed the secretaries and syndici. There were no specialist ministries in the current sense, but the Senate determined which Senate member was in charge of the individual deputations , offices and foundations. Every year the Senate decided on the allocation of personnel tasks.

Senators

Of the 18 senators had 9 a legal training who, by the remaining ones should be at least seven merchants to be. Here are the senators:

Bruno Louis Schaefer Friedrich Alfred Lappenberg Georg Ferdinand Kunhardt Alfred Rücker (Senator) Carl Wilhelm Petersen Emil Mumssen Johann Otto Stammann Hermann Anthony Cornelius Weber John von Berenberg-Gossler Heinrich Traun Rudolph Roosen Emil von Melle Frédéric de Chapeaurouge Anton Rodatz Robert Heidmann Eduard Heinrich Roscher Max Theodor Hayn Max Predöhl Otto Wilhelm Mönckeberg Carl Friedrich Petersen Hugo Brandt (Kaufmann) Adolph Ferdinand Hertz Gustav Godeffroy Johann Hinrich Garrels Adolf Strack (Politiker, 1849) Alexander Kähler (Unternehmer) Carl Friedrich Theodor Rapp Otto Heinrich Framhein Hermann Albert Hübener Justus Strandes Heinrich Alfred Michahelles Carl Mathies Hermann Schemmann Peter Heinrich Wilhelm Großmann Adolph Tesdorpf Otto Eduard Westphal Carl Möring August Lattmann William Henry O’Swald Eduard Johns Heinrich Geffcken Arnold Diestel Johann Georg Mönckeberg (Politiker, 1839) Nicolaus Ferdinand Haller Heinrich Christian Sander Gustav Ferdinand Hertz Theodor Braband Gustav Heinrich Kirchenpauer Werner von Melle Johannes Christian Eugen Lehmann Ernst Friedrich Sieveking Hermann Goßler Paul Sachse Gottfried Holthusen Johann Stahmer Franz Ferdinand Eiffe (Politiker, 1825) Christian Heinrich Alardus Max Schramm (Politiker) Johann Heinrich Burchard Karl Cropp Friedrich Theodor Müller (Politiker, 1821) Johann Carl Gottlieb Arning Ludwig Wiesinger Johann Refardt Charles Ami de Chapeaurouge Ascan Wilhelm Lutteroth Gustav Sthamer Gerhard Hachmann Octavio Schroeder Friedrich Sieveking Carl August Schröder (Politiker, 1855) Johannes Versmann Nicolaus Binder

State Secretaries

In order to support the senators in their administrative work, the Senate also included state secretaries , who were the highest Hamburg officials , the Syndici and secretaries. Deserved secretaries could be promoted to syndicates. Occasionally, employees were also elected senators.

Anton Hagedorn Otto Beneke Johann Martin Lappenberg Carl Hermann Jasper Merck Friedrich Heinrich Geffcken Karl Cropp Friedrich Theodor Müller (Politiker, 1821) Arnold Diestel Carl Wilhelm Asher Hugo Roeloffs Julius von Eckardt Johannes Hermann Sieveking Bruno Louis Schaefer Werner von Melle Hermann Ludwig Behn Adolf Buehl Carl Ludwig Leo Carl Hermann Merck Friedrich Theodor Müller (Politiker, 1821)

Lappenberg , Beneke and Hagedorn were according to the title "Head of the Senate Archives", the current official title would be the head of the Hamburg State Archives .

First Mayor

Every year the Senate determined which of the legal senators should be the first mayor and thus the president of the senate. Normally the Senate voted according to the following pattern

year 1st Mayor 2nd Mayor "Rest year"
1 Senator A. Senator B Senator C
2 Senator B Senator C Senator A.
3 Senator C Senator A. Senator B
4th Senator A. Senator B Senator C

The office usually alternated between the three senior legal senators. Exceptions to this rule are Ascan Wilhelm Lutteroth , Max Theodor Hayn and William Henry O'Swald , who were merchants of merit and became deputy mayors. The incumbent should change regularly so that there is no concentration of power. According to the constitution, the maximum term of office was limited to two years. The First Mayor chaired the Senate meetings and, if there was a tie in votes, had an additional vote, and he also represented the Senate externally.

Werner von Melle Carl August Schröder (Politiker, 1855) Max Predöhl William Henry O'Swald Johann Otto Stammann Johann Heinrich Burchard Gerhard Hachmann Johannes Christian Eugen Lehmann Johann Georg Mönckeberg (Politiker, 1839) Max Theodor Hayn Johannes Versmann Hermann Anthony Cornelius Weber Carl Friedrich Petersen Hermann Goßler Gustav Heinrich Kirchenpauer Nicolaus Ferdinand Haller Ascan Wilhelm Lutteroth Friedrich Sieveking Heinrich Kellinghusen Nicolaus Binder

Senatorial election

If a senator died, a new senator had to be elected within two weeks. For this purpose, a commission was formed from 4 senators appointed by the Senate and 4 members of the citizenry elected by the citizens. This commission then had to agree on 4 candidates, if this did not succeed, a new commission was set up for the next citizenship meeting. If the commission had agreed on 4 candidates, the Senate deleted two candidates, and one of the remaining 2 candidates could then be elected senator by the citizens.

A senatorial election also led to a so-called pulpit prayer being said in all Hamburg churches.

"Since a senate election is to be made these days, we ask Almighty God, who has ordained us to be his servant in authority, that he will guide the councils in this election so that it is in his name, for the benefit of our state and his own Relatives and for the promotion of the common good and all good things. He would do that, the merciful God, for the sake of his infinite goodness. Amen!"

Salary and assets

There were clear differences in salaries within the Senate, which indicates the importance of the individual offices and training. In 1892 a commercial senator earned 12,000 marks a year, a legal senator 25,000 marks, and a syndic between 16,000 and 18,000 marks, depending on the length of service. In 1892 the deputy mayor received 28,000 marks and the first mayor 30,000 marks per year. For comparison: the minimum income required to survive was estimated at 1,040 marks per year for 1888, in 1890 approx. 70% of the working population of Hamburg earned less than 900 marks per year.

The majority of the commercial senators were very wealthy; of the commercial senators in office in 1912, 7 appear in the ranking of the richest Hamburgers among the top hundred. So had Otto Eduard Westphal an estimated fortune of 25 million marks, followed by William Henry O'Swald 24 million, Hugo Brandt had 4.3 million, 3.9 million had Robert Heidmann , Justus beach and Adolf Leberecht Strack , while John von Berenberg-Gossler still had 3.8 million.

Late 1919

In the years 1916 to 1917 the Senate tried to reform the right to vote for citizens, but to no avail. The existing order was destroyed in November 1918 with the November Revolution . The Workers 'and Soldiers' Council for Greater Hamburg took power in Hamburg on November 6, 1918 after brief battles with ten dead. Heinrich Laufenberg and Wilhelm Heise have been at the head of this council since November 12, 1918 . They deposed the Senate on the same day. However, they reinstated him on November 18, 1918 as a purely administrative body. Although the Senate regained power, it could no longer stop the democratic changes. The old system was finally abolished when democratic citizenship elections were held on March 16, 1919, the old Senate resigned on March 27, and the newly elected citizens elected a new Senate on March 28, 1919. Senators were now dependent on the citizenry. A new constitution was being worked on by 1921.

Others

Until 1860 the official name of the Hamburg government was council. The Hamburg constitution was reformed from 1859 to 1860 , and from 1861 the government was called the Senate.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Evans: Death in Hamburg, p. 45.
  2. ^ Evans: Death in Hamburg, p. 108.
  3. ↑ See also Rudolf Martin (Ed.): Yearbook of the wealth and income of the millionaires in the three Hansa cities (Hamburg, Bremen, Lübeck), Berlin 1912.

literature

  • Adolf Buehl : From the old council chamber: Memories 1905–1918. Hamburg 1973, ISBN 3767202271 .
  • Richard J. Evans : Death in Hamburg. Society and Politics in the Cholera Years 1830–1910. Rowohlt, Reinbek 1990, ISBN 3-498-01648-2 .
  • Hamburg State Calendar & (from 1895) Hamburg State Manual
  • Minutes of citizenship meetings