Hamdanid Sultans (Yemen)

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The Hamdanid sultans of Yemen (the Yemeni Hamdānids) were a three-line Muslim dynasty from the Arab Hamdan tribe (Banū Hamdān), who ruled from Sanaa over northern Yemen between 1099 and 1174 . Their overthrow took place during the conquest of Yemen by the Aiyubids .

Overview of the three lines

The first Banu Hatim line (Banū Ḥātim; ruled 1099–1116)

  • Hatim ibn al-Ghaschim al-Hamdani (ruled 1099–1109)
  • Abdallah ibn Hatim (r. 1109–1111)
  • Man ibn Hatim (r. 1111–1116)

The Banu-'l-Qubaib Lineage (ruled 1116–1139)

  • Hisham ibn al-Qubaib ibn Rusah (r. 1116–1124)
  • al-Humas ibn al-Qubaib (r. 1124–1132)
  • Hatim ibn al-Humas (r. 1132–1139)

The second Banu Hatim line (ruled 1139–1174)

  • Hamid ad-Daula Hatim ibn Ahmad (r. 1139–1161)
  • al-Wahid Ali ibn Hatim (r. 1161–1174)

history

Probably all three lines of the Yemeni Hamdanids (but in any case the third) - just like the Ismaili Sulaihids who also ruled in Yemen - were supporters of the Egyptian Fatimid caliphs . With the death of the fourth sulaihidischen ruler al-Mansur Saba in 1099 control of Sanaa was taken over by the powerful tribal leader Hatim ibn al-Ghaschim, which itself is the Sultan title was. Hatim established the power of the Hamdanids together with his eldest son Muhammad, who, however, soon had to be killed because he had a tendency to kill beautiful young women. With the death of the father (1109), the throne was inherited by the second son Abdallah, before Hatim's youngest son Man came to power in 1111. In 1116 he was deposed because he was too weak as a leader of the Hamdan tribe.

Hisham, al-Humas and Hatim (II.) From the al-Qubaib line of the Hamdanids continued the business of government one after the other until 1139. Subsequently, the sons of Hatim (II.) Fought about the succession, which again called the tribal leaders on the scene. As a result, Hamid ad-Daula Hatim (III.) Ibn Ahmad, the grandson of Imran ibn al-Fadl, the former Sulaihid governor of Sanaa, was put on the throne, whose first decade of government was marked by efforts to pacify Northern Yemen. He successfully defended Sanaa against the Zaidi Imam al-Mutawakkil Ahmad (ruled 1138–1171) and under his son and successor Ali, the rule of the dynasty over the north of the country could be expanded, although victories and defeats were constantly alternating. In the south, the Mahdids of Aden succeeded in repelling in 1174 .

The rule of Ali and the Hamdanid sultans, who quarreled with the Zaidites until the end, was ended by the Aiyubid Turan Shah (I.) : The dynamic brother of Saladin marched into Sanaa in 1174, overthrew the dynasty and ruled Yemen until 1181 .

Notes and individual references

  1. ↑ The dynasty is not to be confused with the Hamdanids who ruled the Jazirah region and northern Syria from 906–1004 .
  2. ↑ Smith, pp. 136-154 (140)
  3. ↑ Smith, pp. 136-154 (142)

literature

  • G. Rex Smith: Political History of Islamic Yemen up to the First Turkish Invasion (1–945 Hijra = 622–1538 AD). In: Werner Daum (Ed.): Yemen. Pinguin-Verlag et al., Innsbruck et al. 1987, ISBN 3-7016-2251-6 , pp. 136-154.