Tusk training

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In the mining industry , training for tippers is the learning of skills and abilities that are intended to enable the trainee miner to independently carry out the mining work assigned to him after completing his training and passing the tusk test. Passing the Hauer examination is a prerequisite for further professional training and career advancement opportunities.

General historical overview

Until the first half of the 20th century, the cutter was a skilled worker. The first simple training phases for the budding Hauer already took place when children were under 14 years of age. Here he had to work as a divorce boy at the divorce bench . The boys only needed brief instructions for the activities there. As a teenager he was then used underground as a miner boy . Here he either had to work as a Huntstößer in the line promotion or he was used to clean the site. These activities were also simple tasks that did not require any special qualification. For the young miner, however, this activity meant a rise in the hierarchy, which was also associated with a higher wage. The first changes did not come about until 1839 with the Prussian regulation on the employment of young workers. From now on, children under the age of nine were no longer allowed to work in factories and there were time restrictions for young people up to the age of 16. In 1856 there was an amendment to the law, on the basis of which children under the age of twelve were no longer allowed to work in factories, and further reductions in working hours for young people up to the age of 14 were introduced. For mining, this meant that divorced boys had to be at least 14 years old. In addition, they were not allowed to be employed until they had finished elementary school. In the 1880s, many foreign workers came into the German mining industry who had no practical knowledge of mining. Here the old tusk training reached its limits. The apprentices were also often called in to work that a tangle tractor could actually do, which meant that the actual learning of the masonry activities was neglected. But the emergence of new machines in the mining industry also required a new form of training for tusks. In addition, there was a shortage of skilled workers on the labor market, especially among the craftsmen. There were also only a few specialists available for the increasingly popular machines, which made recruiting increasingly difficult. For this reason, the mine operators were forced to reorganize the training of their miners. As a result of the formalized training for tusks, the skilled worker has now become an apprenticeship. However, the mining apprenticeship was not recognized by the Reich Minister of Economics until 1940.

Purely practical tusk training

The actual practical training of the tusk began after the time as a miner . From now on, the prospective cutter was allowed to work as an apprentice (apprentice) if he was approved for this by the miner . At this point he was now 27 years old. As a rule, advancement to apprenticeship was again associated with a wage increase. As a teacher he had to work for three years under the care of a double-headed man. The training he now received was a pure learning of practical skills. However, these activities were already very demanding and required some manual skill. After a trainee had worked in this activity for three years, he was able to register for the examination with the responsible mine administration. In addition to three years of teaching activity, the prerequisite for the examination was that he had acquired the relevant knowledge and skills that he needed for his teaching activity. The mine administration reported all test subjects to the responsible jury . He had to report the registered test items to the responsible mining authority. The tusk test was then carried out in the form of a test item . For the trial, he had to knock out of the mountains, using a mallet and iron , a place one laugh height and one laugh length. The exam lasted four weeks. For the tusk test, the candidates were assigned the appropriate places for the thing by the responsible jury. The place for the test condition was often on another mine . During the examination, the jury checked the candidate's work to ensure that it was being carried out regularly and correctly. After completing the examination, either the mine administration or the jury had to send the mining authority a written assessment of the test condition. On a day set by the mining office, the session day, all test subjects who had successfully carried out the test item were spoken to by the miner to the miner. From this point on, in the Freiberg mountain area even at the beginning of the trial, they now received the full wages. From now on they were allowed to wear the mountain guards, the driving cap and the knee bars as an outward sign of their tusker dignity. They were also given permission to marry.

Theoretical and practical tusk training

In the middle of the first half of the 20th century, the conditions under which a miner was allowed to carry out carving work were reorganized. This was particularly reflected in the mountain police regulations. In the mountain police regulations, for example, it was required that a valid driver's license is required in order to be able to carry out a mining activity . In order to be able to acquire a permit, it was necessary that the applicant had reached the age of 21 and had already worked underground for at least three years. The training of the tusks followed a plan approved by the Mining Authority. The prospective tuskers were given both theoretical knowledge and practical skills. The company continued to impart practical skills, while the theoretical knowledge was acquired at the vocational school, which he had to attend outside of working hours. The last year of training was considered the year of apprenticeship. This year the prospective tusk had to be employed with tusk activities. At the end of the apprenticeship, the tusk exam took place. It formed the visible conclusion of the tusk training. The tusk test had to take place in the mine where the trainer worked for the last three months of his training. The operator or his deputy and the foreman who had trained the examinee were present at the test. The inspection was conducted by the operator. After passing the tusk test, the tusk received the tusks license. In the course of the 20th century, the tusk training was changed again. The theoretical knowledge has now been imparted to the prospective tuskers in a three-month tusk course. At the end of the tusk course, the test was carried out in the form of a skill test and a knowledge test. After passing the exam, the tusker received the Hauer license.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b European Coal and Steel Community (ed.): The vocational training in hard coal mining in the countries of the Community. Luxembourg 1956, pp. 47-82.
  2. ↑ a b European Coal and Steel Community (ed.): Vocational training in iron ore mining in the countries of the Community. Luxembourg 1959, pp. 40-56, 60, 87.
  3. ↑ a b Ulrich Eumann: Idiosyncratic cohorts of the revolution. On the regional social history of communism in the Weimar Republic, Peter Lang Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2007, ISBN 978-3-631-56129-4 , p. 71.
  4. ↑ a b Berthold Sigismund: Life pictures from the Saxon Ore Mountains. Carl B. Lorck publishing house, Leipzig 1859, p. 58.
  5. ↑ a b c d Johann Christian Knotzschzer: From damnation of wrongdoers to mining . With Gottfried Marting, Leipzig 1795, pp. 43–44.
  6. ^ A b c Michael Jan Kendzia: Constitution of an industrial labor market in Upper Silesia. Inaugural dissertation at the Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences at the University of Cologne, Cologne 2009, pp. 274, 280.
  7. ^ Foundation for Youth and Education (ed.): Social history. Volume I, From the late Middle Ages to the Second World War, BMAS Hausdruckerei, Bonn 2016, p. 10.
  8. ↑ a b Adolf Arndt, Kuno Frankenstein (ed.): Handbook and textbook for political science in independent volumes. First Department of Economics XI. Volume mining and mining policy, Verlag von CL Hirschfeld, Leipzig 1894, pp. 85–87.
  9. ^ A b c Karl August Tolle: The situation of the miners and ironworkers in the Oberharze. Taking into account the historical development of the entire miners' circumstances, Puttkammer & Mühlbrecht Buchhandlung für Staats- und Rechtswwissenschaft, Berlin 1892, pp. 29–51.
  10. ↑ a b c d e f H. Schlattmann: The new mountain police regulation of the training of tusks in the Oberbergamtsiertel Dortmund. In: Glückauf, Berg- und Hüttenmännische magazine. Association for Mining Interests in the Upper Mining District Dortmund (Ed.), No. 9, 62nd year, February 27, 1926, pp. 261–270.
  11. ↑ Lorenz Pieper: The situation of the miners in the Ruhr area. JG Cotta'sche Buchhandlung Nachhaben, Stuttgart and Berlin 1903, p. 25.
  12. ↑ a b c d e f Fritz Pamp: The Sterkrade colliery. The training center on the former coking plant site from 1938 to 1992. In: Osterfelder Bürgerring. (Ed.): Der Kickenberg, Osterfelder Heimatblatt. No. 20, Walter Perspektiven GmbH, Oberhausen September 2011, ISSN  1864-7294 , pp. 4-6
  13. ↑ a b c d e f g Carl Langheld: The conditions of the miners in the Saxon shelf mining. Verlag von JG Engelhardt, Freiberg 1855, pp. 31-46.
  14. ↑ a b c d e f g h Ewald Victorin Dietrich, August Tertor (ed.): The romantic legends of the Erzgebirge. Truth and Poetry, first volume, Freyersche Buchhandlung, Annaberg 1822, pp. 183–192.
  15. ^ Heinrich Veith: German mountain dictionary with evidence. Published by Wilhelm Gottlieb Korn, Breslau 1871, p. 224.
  16. ^ A b c Gustav Freitag, Julian Schmidt (Ed.): Die Grenzboten. Journal for Politics and Literature, 18th year, II. Semester, III. Volume, published by Wilhelm Diedrich Ludwig Herbig, Leipzig 1859, p. 148.
  17. ↑ a b c d e Mountain Police Ordinance for the hard coal mines in the administrative districts of the Prussian Higher Mining Office in Breslau from May 1, 1934. Kattowitz Verlag, Gauverlag NS Schlesien, 1934, pp. 202, 208, 210, 212.

Remarks

  1. ↑ The relatively old age was due to the fact that you had to be eight years old to be admitted as a teacher. (Source: Carl Langheld: The conditions of the miners in the Saxon shelf mining. )
  2. ↑ But it also happened that due to the increased need for personnel, especially in the 19th century, a master craftsman was appointed as a sculptor at the age of 18. (Source: Michael Jan Kendzia: Constitution of an industrial labor market in Upper Silesia. )
  3. ↑ It was only since 1938 that vocational school lessons took place on one working day during working hours. (Source: Fritz Pamp: Die Sterkrade colliery. The training center on the former coking plant site from 1938 to 1992. )