Heilig-Geist-Spital (Dinkelsbühl)
The former Heilig-Geist-Spital in the Central Franconian district town of Dinkelsbühl , district of Ansbach , is a large monument complex on Dr.-Martin-Luther-Straße in the old town. When it was founded, the then still quite small Hospital of St. Mary and the Holy Spirit was located outside the oldest Staufer wall ring of the imperial city of Dinkelsbühl . After the late medieval city expansion and the construction of the city wall encompassing the suburbs, it is located with its 8,500 square meters in the northeast corner of the wall at the Rothenburg Gate and still forms a kind of delimited city quarter, whose listed buildings have quite different secular functions.
history
The Holy Mary and Holy Spirit Hospital was founded around 1280 . At that time it was in front of the old Rothenburg Gate outside the city, that is, north of the first Hohenstaufen city fortifications. From 1380 the facility was extensively rebuilt and expanded with new buildings. Since then, the Spitalhof has been bounded to the east by this city wall and to the west by the Weinmarkt street, which is now called Dr.-Martin-Luther-Strasse, which is extended to the north.
With its long, ocher-colored front of the former benefice house, the integrated hospital church, the former cemetery wall and the gate wall as well as the nursing home, it characterizes the Dr.-Martin-Luther-Straße. The group of buildings of the hospital is located in the gently sloping terrain to the Rothenburg gate tower and drops sharply to the Wörnitz lowland ( Bleiche ). Therefore the upper part of the hospital courtyard had to be terraced with a high retaining wall. It shows the scratched year 1617 and was provided with an iron grille in 1877 (today squared timber). An inscription on a stone slab indicates the year of the renovation of the wall with arched arcades with "Built in 1893".
The Heilig-Geist-Spital was one of the richest foundations in Bavaria and the largest landowner in the imperial city . The most important buildings of the hospital around 1600 were divided into four areas:
- To the left of the Upper Gate on Dr.-Martin-Luther-Straße the Spitalmeierei (agriculture for self-sufficiency) with grain barn, the stable barn (State Theater) and another large barn in the lower courtyard area (demolished in 1889).
- To the right of the Upper Gate is the administrative building with the court.
- The hospital church with an adjacent cemetery. It dates from around 1280 and was expanded around 1310 and 1445. In the 18th century they were redesigned according to the fashion of the time.
- The benefice house , the actual hospital with kitchen (concert vault , artificial vault ), the storeroom with cellar (student dormitory) and the bakery near the fountain (gone).
The Spitalbad was outside the facility in Spitalgasse.
Secularization and functional change
The secularization of 1802/1803 was a major turning point and ended the hospital's function as a spiritual institution. In the course of time, the city had to make sensible use of the existing buildings without changing them through overly disruptive conversions and new buildings. This has probably been successful, because there are still many listed monuments in this monastery area. Some dislocated monuments were housed there like in an open-air museum.
Monument protection
The Heilige Maria und Heiliger Geist Hospital was a spacious facility - originally outside the city - with a courtyard bordered to the east by the city wall. It was founded in 1280, from 1380 onwards there were extensive renovations and new buildings. It became rich through many donations and owned extensive estates.
Historical individual objects under monument protection
It is a hall building with a gable roof, strongly drawn-in, just closing choir, sacristy and octagonal facade tower with a dome roof, built in 1380, changed in 1600, alterations and installations in the 17th and 18th Century; with equipment ;
- Former hospital building, so-called benefice,
This two-storey three-wing complex is a massive plastered building, the south wing with the hipped roof is designated 1551, the east wing with the crooked hip roof is designated 1774.
- Former orphanage, now historical museum ,
This three-storey saddle roof structure has a tail gable , a cantilevered second half-timbered upper floor, a bay-like porch with an arcade hall, an octagonal stair tower with a tent roof and turrets . It is marked 1599, 1698 and 1730.
In 16 rooms, the Historical Museum shows collections on the history of the city, civil and rural living culture, handicrafts, weapons and religious folk art from the 14th to the 20th century.
The history of the city forms a focus. In addition to city views, a model shows the original core of Dinkelsbühl and its extensions in the years 1370 to 1430.
A pewter's workshop and a craftsman's room in the blueprint document the Dinkelsbühler craft. The guild drawer for joiners and carpenters from around 1600 is particularly valuable. On the second floor there is a room for temporary exhibitions.
- Running fountain
The fountain is a six-sided iron basin with crank fields and has a fountain column with neo-Gothic wooden paneling, the basin is marked with 1701, the paneling dates from the 19th century.
- Former hospital
This is a three-storey square building with a hipped roof and side stair tower with a tent roof, construction time is the late 19th century.
- Former prison, so-called Fronveste
It is a two-storey plastered solid building with a crooked hip roof from the early 16th century.
- Draw well
It stands in the inner courtyard and has a stone fountain surround with a wooden swinging tree; it probably comes from the 17th / 18th centuries. Century.
- Former hospital barn
This is a stately, ground-floor solid building (ground floor, three attic floors with a crooked hip roof and protruding half-timbered gable, marked 1541). The stage of the State Theater is housed there. The conversion took place until 2006 to the "Franconian-Swabian State Theater Dinkelsbühl". The building, which is parallel to the city wall on the slope, faces the lowland with the crooked gable, and a half-hipped gable to house 6c. The barn had various urban uses in the 20th century. The Dinkelsbühl club hospital was housed here from 1914 to 1918, followed by a public bathtub.
- enclosure
The existing fencing is a high ashlar wall, between the buildings on the street side, from the 17th / 18th centuries. Century.
- Former farm building
These are ground-floor solid buildings with a pent roof from the 18th century.
- Outbuildings on the city wall
It is a ground floor pent roof building made of quarry stone from the 18th century.
- Former cold shortage of the dye works on the Wörnitz
This is a translocated wooden construction with göpel from 1735.
- The former mill wheel of the broken hard mill probably dates from the 18th / 19th century. Century.
Discontinued buildings
- Dr.-Martin-Luther-Straße, Spitalhof: Former largest hospital barn (demolished)
Between the stable barn (state theater) and the east wing of the hospital (student dormitory) stood the largest barn in hospital agriculture. Built in the 15th century, according to the council minutes, the barn burned down in 1671 and was rebuilt. It was demolished in the 19th century.
- Dr.-Martin-Luther-Straße, Spitalhof: Former bakery (demolished)
The hospital's bakery once stood in front of the former hospital cemetery and between the former administration building / hospital court and the fountain.
Hospital Church
Benefice
Former hospital
Former prison
Hospital barn
Outbuildings
This monument complex is probably no longer an ensemble because too much old building fabric has been destroyed by renovations. Nevertheless, the existing partial monuments are impressive and give a good picture of the wealth of the foundation at that time.
Hospital Church
The hospital church has an eventful history of construction and renovation. It was built around 1280 as a hospital church hall, around 1310 there was an extension of the choir and boat, and around 1445 the current building was built. The evangelical, unique, original writing-image altar dates from 1537. After the ban on Protestant worship by the Catholic Council from 1555, the hospital church was only Protestant again from 1567.
1771–1774, the interior was redesigned into a late Rococo church with a classicist influence, with double galleries and a hollow vault. The ceiling painting, the sermon fresco “Redemption”, which is rare for a Protestant church, was made in 1774 by Johann Nepomuk Nieberlein from Ellwangen. It was the main Protestant church in Dinkelsbühl until the St. Pauls Church was completed in 1843 . Since then it has been the second parish church of the Evangelical Lutheran Parish.
Web links
- City of Dinkelsbühl - Official website , accessed on December 17, 2018.
- Website of the Landestheater Dinkelsbühl , accessed on December 17, 2018.
- Historical Museum in the Spitalhof , accessed on December 17, 2018.
- Evangelical deanery and parish Dinkelsbühl , accessed on December 17, 2018.
literature
- Gerfrid Arnold: The Last Supper Altars in Heiliggeist and St. George from 1537. Two text-image altars of the early Protestant altar architecture in Dinkelsbühl . In: Alt-Dinkelsbühl. 2011
- Gerfrid Arnold: Dinkelsbühl. A medieval city . Verlag am Roßbrunnen Hanns Bauer, Dinkelsbühl 1988.
- Walter Bogenberger: History of the city of Dinkelsbühl . In: Walter Bogenberger, Michael Vogel: Dinkelsbühl . 1983, pp. 5-31.
- Alt-Dinkelsbühl. Messages from the history of Dinkelsbühl and its surroundings. Appears as a supplement to the “Fränkische Landeszeitung” . Periodical since 1913 in the Wörnitz-Boten , with interruptions.
Individual evidence
- ↑ List of architectural monuments in Dinkelsbühl # Former Spital Zum Heiligen Geist List of architectural monuments in the area of the hospital
- ^ Gerfrid Arnold: Dinkelsbühl. A medieval city . Verlag am Roßbrunnen Hanns Bauer, Dinkelsbühl 1988. p. 193.
- ↑ Gerfrid Arnold: The Last Supper Altars in Heiliggeist and St. Georg from 1537. Two text-image altars of the early Protestant altar architecture in Dinkelsbühl . In: Alt-Dinkelsbühl. 2011, pp. 18–24
- ↑ Gerfrid Arnold: Johann Nepomuk Nieberlein's sermon fresco “Redemption” in the Evangelical Church of the Holy Spirit in Dinkelsbühl . In: Alt-Dinkelsbühl. 2011, pp. 41-48; ders .: The Heiliggeistkirche in Dinkelsbühl . In: Evangelical churches in Dinkelsbühl . DKV Art Guide No. 667, 2011, pp. 3–25
Coordinates: 49 ° 4 ′ 15.3 ″ N , 10 ° 19 ′ 8.3 ″ E