Henri Bénard

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Henri Claude Bénard (born October 25, 1874 in Lieurey , Normandy , † March 29, 1939 in Neuilly-sur-Seine ) was a French physicist who dealt with experimental hydrodynamics. He is known for discovering the regular pattern of convection cells called Bénard cells in Rayleigh-Bénard convection .

Life

Bénard attended the Lycée Louis-le-Grand , studied from 1894 to 1897 at the École normal supérieure with Jean Perrin, among others, and received his doctorate in 1901 from Eleuthère Mascart and Marcel Brillouin at the Collège de France ("Les Tourbillons cellulaires dans une nappe liquide propageant de la chaleur par convection en régime permanent "). With his dissertation he undertook the basic experiments on Rayleigh-Benard convection and published the results from 1900 to 1901. The effect is also named after Lord Rayleigh . As a student, he also dealt with the rotation of the plane of polarization in sugar solution, which had practical applications in measuring the sugar concentration, for example in grapes, and which formed the second part of his dissertation. In 1901 he attended the general meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, where he met Lord Kelvin , among others , without presenting his results on convection. He also married in 1901. From 1902 he taught in Lyon and began work there that also made him a forerunner of the discovery of von Kármán's vortex street, where he also made film recordings (as he did later in Bordeaux of thermal convection, where he worked with Camille Dauzère (1869-1944) worked together). In the 1920s there was a priority dispute with Theodore von Kármán in this area . He published about it first in 1908. In 1910 he became a professor in Bordeaux . During the First World War he was head of the physics section in the Commission Supérieure des Inventions de Guerre in Paris and dealt with, among other things, frozen meat transport, polarization optics for submarine detection and wide-angle optics. In 1922 he became Maitre de conférences at the Sorbonne , with a full professorship from 1926. When an institute for hydrodynamics was established at the Sorbonne in 1929 with Henri Villat as director, Bénard became head of the laboratory. In 1935 he became a member of the Commission for Atmospheric Turbulence and in 1937 professor at the École Supérieure de l'Aéronautique.

In 1929 he was President of the French Physical Society. In 1929 he received the Bordin Prize and, posthumously, the Poncelet Prize in 1939 . He was a Knight of the Legion of Honor (1919 and in the civil version 1920).

With Alexandre Galotti he translated Ludwig Boltzmann's lectures on gas theory into French.

The Bénard-Marangoni effect is named after him and Carlo Marangoni .

Fonts

In addition to the works cited in the footnotes:

  • with E. Mascart: Sur le pouvoir rotatoire du sucre, Ann. Chim. Phys., Series 7, vol. 17, 1899, pp. 125-144.
  • with Duson Avsec: Travaux récents sur les tourbillons cellulaires et les tourbillons en bandes applications a l'astrophysique et a la météorologie, J. Phys. Radium, series 7, volume 9, 1938, pp. 486-500.

literature

  • David Aubin: The memory of life itself: Bénard's cells and the cinematography of self-organization. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, Volume 39, 2008, pp. 359-369.
  • José Eduardo Wesfried: Scientific Biography of Henri Bénard (1874–1939), in: I. Mutabazi, JE Wesfried, E. Guyon (Eds.), Dynamics of Spatio-Temporal Cellular Structures: Henri Bénard Centenary Review, 2006, p. 9 -37
  • Philippe L. Schereschewsky: Le soixante-quinzième anniversaire des cellules atmospheric de Bénard, Journal de Recherches Atmospheric, Volume 10, 1976, pp. 1-7.
  • Henri Bénard: Notice sur les Titres et Travaux Scientifiques de M. Henri Bénard, Gauthier-Villars, Paris, 1926, 1929
  • EL Koschmieder: Bénard Cells and Taylor Vortices, Cambridge University Press 1993

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ H. Bénard, Compte Rend., Volume 130, 1900, pp. 1004-1007, 1065-1068
  2. ^ Henri Bénard, Les tourbillons cellulaires dans une nappe liquide, Revue Générale des Sciences 11 (1900), 1261-1271, 1309-1328
  3. ↑ H. Bénard, J. Phys., Series 3, volume 9, 1900, pp. 513-524.
  4. ^ Henri Bénard, Les tourbillons cellulaires dans une nappe liquide transportent de la chaleur par convection en régime permanent, Annales de Chimie Physique 7 (23) (1900), 62-144
  5. ^ Henri Bénard, Les tourbillons cellulaires dans une nappe liquide: Méthodes optiques d'observation et d'enregistrement, Journal de Physique Théorique et Appliquée 10 (1) (1901), 254-266.
  6. ↑ Lord Rayleigh OMFRS (1916): LIX. On convection currents in a horizontal layer of fluid, when the higher temperature is on the under side, Philosophical Magazine Series 6, 32: 192, 529-546
  7. ^ Bénard, Compt. Rend., Vol. 147, 1908, pp. 839-842, 970-972
personal data
SURNAME Bénard, Henri
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Bénard, Henri Claude (full name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION French physicist
DATE OF BIRTH October 25, 1874
PLACE OF BIRTH Lieurey , Normandy
DATE OF DEATH March 29, 1939
Place of death Neuilly-sur-Seine