University for Women in Leipzig
The private university for women in Leipzig was opened in 1911. It was the first attempt at academization for traditional women's professions in the German Reich . In 1917 the women's college in Leipzig was given state recognition by the Saxon Ministry for Culture and Public Education. Due to the global economic crisis of the 1920s, the university, which still lived on private donations, could no longer be financed. It continued to exist as a “social pedagogical women's seminar”, a vocational training facility, and became the property of the city of Leipzig.
history
On October 29, 1911, the "University for Women in Leipzig" opened its doors at Königstrasse 20 (since 1947 Goldschmidtstrasse). The Jewish women's rights activist and social pedagogue Henriette Goldschmidt had campaigned for the training of the traditional women's professions, such as kindergarten teachers , carers and nurses , to be raised to an academic level and to have this done at a specially established women's college. Henriette Goldschmidt favored this form of university for women and saw it as an important extension of the regular university business, which, in her opinion, still did not take enough account of the needs of women. Henriette Goldschmidt's wish came true thanks to the substantial financial donation from the Leipzig music publisher Henri Hinrichsen . The college's board of trustees, which included natural scientists, doctors, female students and “foreigners” for the specific needs of foreign students, included the educator Eduard Spranger , who also taught at the university and was largely responsible for the educational concept. Also Ricarda Huch and Wilhelm Wundt belonged temporarily to the Board of Trustees. The tuition fees for one academic year were 1,000 Reichsmarks. The prerequisites for the course were an undergraduate education and several years of professional experience in this profession. The study at the University for Women in Leipzig thus fulfilled the function of academically oriented further education, while the basic vocational training was still not academic. The duration of a course was four semesters. From the winter semester of 1916, two advanced training courses were offered for nursing. There was a course A for social hygiene activities and a course B for the prospective Sisters Superior. A college for nurses was founded in Munich in 1903 by Clementine von Wallmenich of the Red Cross.
Orientation in theory and practice
The university offered a spectrum of scientific, medical, social and humanities as well as economic events. While the social science subjects were in the foreground for kindergarten teachers and carers, the natural sciences were given an unusually strong emphasis for the academic education of nurses. A “laboratory for natural science” was set up to enable instruction in bacteriology, microscopy and kitchen chemistry and to carry out experiments. The courses in anatomy and physiology were preceded by a scientific propaedeutic. For the nurses, education and psychology were only offered as optional. On the other hand, economic events were part of the regular repertoire of those nurses who wanted to acquire the academic title of "Sister Superior". On the other hand, courses in pathology were not offered. The strong scientific orientation was partly due to the fact that nursing has not yet been differentiated into the spectrum of non-medical health professions known today, but is also related to the fact that the nursing professions did not abandon medicine and natural sciences until the 1970s.
Agnes Karll , the founder of the professional organization of nurses in Germany , was one of the teachers at the women's college, although she did not have an academic title. Agnes Karll gave lectures on the history of nursing on Fridays and Saturdays from 7:30 p.m. to 9 p.m. For this course she used the four-volume work “A History of Nursing” by the US nursing historians Mary Adelaide Nutting and Lavinia Dock , the first three volumes of which she translated into German. The General German Women's Association (ADF) with its board member Henriette Goldschmidt was the source of ideas for Agnes Karll and the establishment of the professional organization of nurses in Germany as well as infant and welfare nurses (BOKD)
The Leipzig Women's University produced a number of prominent personalities, such as B. the superiors Helene Blunck (from 1933 chairwoman of the BOKD), Lisbeth Wüllenweber (from 1925 to 1945 superintendent of the Diakonieseminar and the sisterhood in the municipal hospital Magdeburg-Altstadt) and Amalie Rau (superior of the municipal sisterhood in the hospital Dresden-Johannstadt (today the university hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden ) and "leader" of the Reichsfachschaft of German Sisters and Nurses at the beginning of the Nazi era). Margarete Lungershausen, the founder of the nursing college Agnes Karll in Offenbach, also went through the Leipzig women's college and ensured that Henriette Goldschmidt and Agnes Karll's ideas for the academization of women's professions were continued.
However, the University for Women in Leipzig was not spared from the overall social developments of the First World War and the problems of the Weimar Republic. The high standard could not be maintained.
literature
- Sister Hanna Brückmann: The unchangeable and the changeable in nursing. In: Deutsche Schwestern Zeitung . Journal for Nursing and Children's Nursing (main editor: Oberin Lisa Schleiermacher), W. Kohlhammer Stuttgart 11th year, issue 8, 08/1958, on Eduard Spranger pp. 293–295.
- Elster, Ruth : The Agnes Karll Association and its influence on the development of nursing in Germany. A contribution to the history of the nursing professions and a professional association . Mabuse Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2000, pp. 21-24.
- Wolff, Horst-Peter and Jutta Wolff: Nursing: Introduction to the study of their history . Mabuse Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2008, pp. 200–2004.
- Auer, Christine: History of the nursing professions as a subject: the curriculum development in nursing education and training . Inaug. Dissertation at the Institute for the History of Medicine University of Heidelberg, Supervisor Wolfgang U. Eckart , self-published 2008, pp. 147–151.
- Gudrun Maierhof: University for Women. In: Dan Diner (Ed.): Encyclopedia of Jewish History and Culture (EJGK). Volume 3: He-Lu. Metzler, Stuttgart / Weimar 2012, ISBN 978-3-476-02503-6 , pp. 81–84.
See also
Individual evidence
- ^ Eduard Spranger : The idea of a college for women and the women's movement , Dürr Leipzig 1916.
- ↑ Wolff, Horst-Peter (ed.): Biographical lexicon for nursing history "Who was who in nursing history ", Volume 2 Urban & Fischer Munich a. Jena 2001, here: biography Henriette Goldschmidt b. Benas, written by HP Wolff.
- ↑ Karin Wittneben : On the situation of further training for nursing staff to become nursing teachers. In: Karin Wittneben and Maria Mischo – Kelling: Pflegebildung und Pflegetheorien , Munich, Vienna, Baltimore, 1st edition 1995, pp. 257 + 258.
- ↑ Agnes Karll (translator). Mary Adelaide Nutting and Lavinia Dock. History of nursing . D. Reimer, Berlin 1910–1913 Volume I (1910) (digitized version) Volume II (1911) (digitized version) Volume III (1913) (digitized version)
- ↑ Christoph Schweikardt: The development of nursing for a state-recognized activity in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The interaction of modernization efforts, medical dominance, denominational self-assertion and guidelines for Prussian government policy , Martin Meidenbauer Verlag Munich 2008, pp. 161-163, p. 275. ISBN 978-3-89975-132-1 . Online resource RUB
Web links
Coordinates: 51 ° 20 ′ 9.1 ″ N , 12 ° 23 ′ 5.9 ″ E