Henriette Goldschmidt

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Henriette Goldschmidt, around 1910
Henriette Goldschmidt, 1859

Henriette Goldschmidt , b. Henriette Benas (born November 23, 1825 in Krotoszyn , Province of Posen , † January 30, 1920 in Leipzig ), was a German women's rights activist , educator and social worker .

Live and act

Henriette Benas was the daughter of a wealthy Jewish merchant. In 1853 she married Abraham Meyer Goldschmidt, a widowed nephew of her father who was a rabbi of the German-speaking Jewish community in Warsaw. Her husband brought three children into the marriage. In 1858 the Goldschmidt family moved to Leipzig. In March 1865, Henriette Goldschmidt founded a women's education association under the motto life is striving , the establishment of which was "accompanied by mistrust, avoided by the fearful and hardly noticed by the large number of indifferent people". Germany's first women's conference followed in October of the same year. There, together with Auguste Schmidt , Louise Otto-Peters and Ottilie von Steyber, it was decided to found the General German Women's Association (ADF). Henriette Goldschmidt was a board member of the ADF from 1867 to 1906. Here she advocated equal educational opportunities for girls and women as well as their equal participation in public life.

“The leaders of the women's movement in Germany” in the gazebo in 1883. Henriette Goldschmidt in the top row on the right
"The leaders of the women's movement",
illustration from Die Gartenlaube 1894 , Henriette Goldschmidt in the top row 2nd from the right

Another focus for Henriette Goldschmidt was early childhood education. In Leipzig she came into contact with the work of the pedagogue Friedrich Wilhelm August Fröbel . She corresponded to his views on the female sex, which were also hers: “It is the characteristic of the time to relieve the female sex of its instinctive, passive activity and to exempt it from its nature and for the sake of its humanity caring determination to exactly the same level how to raise the male sex. "Henriette Goldschmidt took over Friedrich Fröbel's motto" Come and let us live our children! "and founded the" Association for Family and Popular Education "in 1871 in order to give her and Friedrich Froebel's ideas a broader base. , which 150 important Leipzig personalities immediately joined as sponsors. Its aim was to spread kindergartens and train qualified kindergarten teachers as well as the "educational training of virgins and mothers". As early as 1872 this association founded a kindergarten teachers' seminar, which gave women the opportunity for further training. From 1874 scientific lectures were given regularly.

In 1898 Schmidt and Goldschmidt wrote a petition for the ADF, which, among other things, demanded state supervision of kindergartens, their integration into the state educational system and compulsory kindergarten attendance. The petition was rejected after a partly polemical public discussion.

From the series of lectures in Leipzig a " Lyceum for women" developed. The music publisher Henri Hinrichsen made it possible for Goldschmidt to found the University for Women in Leipzig in 1911 , which in 1917 was placed under the supervision of the Saxon Ministry of Culture and Public Education and thus acquired the character of a state educational institution. Well-known personalities belonged to the board of trustees and honorary board: Ricarda Huch , Eduard Spranger , Georg Kerschensteiner , Marie von Ebner-Eschenbach , Wilhelm Wundt , Marie Stritt and others. The women's college soon achieved national and international recognition and became a model for similar “female educational institutions”.

Henriette Goldschmidt School, 2008

When Henriette Goldschmidt died in 1920, the university for women was profiled by the Froebel researcher Johannes Prüfer as a "socio-educational women's seminar " as a municipal vocational institution.

The Nazis banned after 1933 everything to the school founder and the school founder Hinrichsen Henri remembered from school life. Henriette Goldschmidt's birthday was no longer celebrated at the school. After 1945 this educational institution developed into the pedagogical school for kindergarten teachers "Henriette-Goldschmidt-Schule" in the Leipzig district. In the GDR, numerous kindergartens, including one in Bad Blankenburg , where Johannes Prüfer lived, were named after her.

After the peaceful revolution in the GDR , the school in Leipzig had been known as the “Technical School for Social Pedagogy 'Henriette Goldschmidt' Leipzig” since 1991. In 1992 the Henriette Goldschmidt School became one of twelve vocational school centers in the city of Leipzig, the "Vocational School Center for Social Welfare Leipzig, Henriette Goldschmidt School". The legacy of Henriette Goldschmidt and Henri Hinrichsen is widely recognized in school life.

Her grave in the old Israelite cemetery in Leipzig

Appreciation

Goldschmidt's life's work as a social pedagogue and women's rights activist is almost undisputed today, but there is also criticism (sometimes from the feminist side) of her focus on the genuinely feminine topic of raising children. Goldschmidt had said: “The education profession is the cultural profession of women. It demands science and art, knowledge and ability. ”Against this criticism of Goldschmidt it must be argued that her work should be seen in the context of time. Henriette Goldschmidt set a milestone for the education of women and, under the social conditions prevailing at the time, opened up one of the few fields of activity in which women could be effectively and professionally at all.

Her niece, the Romanist Julia Kalbfleisch , dedicated the publication of her doctoral thesis to her aunt.

The historic Henriette-Goldschmidt-Haus at Friedrich-Ebert-Straße 16 in Leipzig was torn down on March 18, 2000 despite violent protests.

Works

The importance of the kindergarten for the education of women, Leipzig 1872
  • The women's question a cultural question , Leipzig 1870
  • The importance of the kindergarten for the education of women , Leipzig 1872
  • The school for practice and theory in kindergarten. A training school for women , in: Kindergarten 14 (1873), pp. 153–159
  • Nanny, Bone, kindergarten teacher , in: Kindergarten 14 (1873), pp. 91–94
  • The position of the kindergarten school in the organism of advanced training for female youth , Leipzig 1974
  • Are the institutions for learning the educational method of the kindergarten to be considered as advanced training or technical schools? , in: Kindergarten 17 (1874), pp. 72-77
  • The creator of a children's paradise , in: Cornelia 10 (1875), pp. 24–35
  • Declaration against the right to vote for women . In: The women's movement 1/3. February 1, 1895, pp. 19-20 ( digitized version and full text in the German text archive )
  • Is the kindergarten an educational institution or a compulsory institution? , Wiesbaden 1901
  • The international significance of Friedrich Froebel for family and public education , in: Kindergarten 45 (1904), pp. 161–171
  • What I learned and taught from Froebel , Leipzig 1909
  • From kindergarten to women's college , in: Kindergarten 51 (1910), pp. 109–112
  • From kindergarten to university for women , Leipzig 1911

Literature about H. Goldschmidt

  • Lene Hoffmann and Volly Tanner : City Talks from Leipzig. Foundation of the first women's college /// Henriette Goldschmidt in today's Friedrich-Ebert-Straße. Gmeiner Verlag, Meßkirch 2014, ISBN 978-3-8392-1634-7 .
  • Manfred Berger : Women in the history of kindergarten. A manual . Brandes & Apsel, Frankfurt / M. 1995, ISBN 3-86099-255-4 ; Pp. 50-54
  • Irma Hildebrandt: Provocations for tea. 18 portraits of women from Leipzig . Diederichs, Munich 1998, ISBN 3-424-01417-6 , pp. 116-129
  • Erika Hoffmann:  Goldschmidt, Henriette, née Benas. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 6, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1964, ISBN 3-428-00187-7 , p. 615 ( digitized version ).
  • Gerlinde Kämmerer, Annett Pilz (Hrsg.): Leipziger Frauengeschichten. A historical tour . Art and Culture Center for Women, Leipzig 1995, pp. 121–123
  • Ingaburgh Klatt (Ed.): We'd rather fly than crawl. Historical portraits of women . Dräger, Lübeck 1997, ISBN 3-925402-88-8 , pp. 57-72
  • Annerose Kemp; Eberhard Ulm: Henriette Goldschmidt School 1911–2011. Leipzig 2011.
  • M. Köck: The Froebel understanding Henriette Goldschmidt (1825-1920). A contribution to Froebel reception . Munich 2001 (unpublished diploma thesis)
  • M. Meyer: Henriette Goldschmidt . In: Der Schweizerische Kindergarten , 11, 1921, pp. 5–7
  • Rita Sahle (Ed.): Dictionary on the history of social work in Leipzig . R. Sahle, Leipzig 1999, pp. 41-42
  • Josephine Siebe, Johannes Prüfer: Henriette Goldschmidt. Your life and work . Academic Publishing Company, Leipzig 1922
  • Bärbel Steinhövel: On the life and work of Henriette Goldschmidt (1825–1920) . Diploma thesis, Chemnitz University of Technology, 2004
  • H. Zollikhofer: Dr. Henriette Goldschmidt . In: Der Schweizerischer Kindergarten , 10, 1920, p. 29

Web links

Commons : Henriette Goldschmidt  - Collection of Images

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Sabine Schlingmann: “Die Woche” - Illustrated magazines under the sign of emancipatory awakening? Image of women, culture and role models in the imperial era, republic and dictatorship (1899–1944) . Kovač, Hamburg 2007, ISBN 978-3-8300-3026-3 , p. 526.
  2. ^ Ann Taylor Allen: The transatlantic Kindergarten. Education and women's movements in Germany and the United States . Oxford University Press, New York 2017, ISBN 978-0-19-027441-2 , p. 66.
  3. ↑ Goldschmidt 1870, p. 2.
  4. ↑ Goldschmidt 1909, p. 9.
  5. ↑ cf. Köck 2001, p. 9 ff.
  6. ↑ Gisela Bock: Gender stories of the modern age. Ideas, politics, practice. Göttingen 2014, p. 83.
  7. ↑ Annette Jensen: The Leipzig women's question, Die Zeit , No. 50, 1999
  8. ↑ Sad anniversary: ​​10 years ago the Henriette-Goldschmidt-Haus was demolished
  9. ^ Henriette-Goldschmidt-Haus Leipzig ( Memento of March 12, 2005 in the Internet Archive )
personal data
SURNAME Goldschmidt, Henriette
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German women's rights activist and educator
DATE OF BIRTH November 23, 1825
PLACE OF BIRTH Krotoszyn , Krotoschin
DATE OF DEATH January 30, 1920
Place of death Leipzig