Garfish species

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Garfish species
The half-beak Hyporhamphus unifasciatus and the flying fish Cheilopogon pinnatibarbatus

The half- beak Hyporhamphus unifasciatus and the flying fish Cheilopogon pinnatibarbatus

Systematics
Acanthomorphata
Spinefish (Acanthopterygii)
Perch relatives (Percomorphaceae)
Ovalentaria
Superordinate : Earfish relatives (Atherinomorphae)
Order : Garfish species
Scientific name
Beloniformes
Berg , 1937

The garfish-like (Beloniformes) are an order of the real bony fish (Teleostei). Most species live in the sea. In the tropics and subtropics they are the dominant fish group of the Epipelagial . Almost 100 species, especially in Southeast Asia, live in freshwater and brackish water . There, too, there are fish on the surface of the water. All garfish species are carnivorous on smaller fish, planktonic crustaceans and insects.

The Beloniformes are the sister group of the dentist (Cyprinodontiformes). Fossils of early representatives of this order were found in layers of the middle Eocene , from a period 45 million years ago.

features

The garfish-like are slender, often very elongated fish with oval to round body diameter. They are between two centimeters and 1.5 meters (e.g. Tylosurus crocodilus ) long. The upper jaw is rigid and cannot be extended (not protractile). The interarcual cartilage, a connection between the epibranchial (the second bone from the top) of the first branchial arch and the infrapharyngobranchial of the second branchial arch, is small or absent. The epibranchials of the second and third gill arches are small. The interhyale, a skull bone, is missing. The lower lobe of the caudal fin has more fin rays than the upper.

Systematics

Pacific jackfish ( Cololabis saira )

There are two suborders and five families with a total of 34 genera and about 265 species.

A phylogenetic study from 2004 rejected the monophyly of the Hemiramphidae and the Belonidae. The Hemiramphidae are divided into three clades. The Zenarchopteridae, previously managed as a subfamily of the half-beak, gain family status and are the sister group of the Belonidae. The previous "Scomberesocidae", whose monophyly has been confirmed, are part of the Belonidae.

Japanese rice fish ( Oryzias latipes )

The following cladogram shows the relationship between the families and that the Hemiramphidae are not a monophyletic taxon. Rather, they consist of two clades. The first, with the genera Euleptorhamphus , Hemiramphus and Oxyporhamphus , is the sister group of the Exocoetidae. The second half- beak clade with the genera Arrhamphus and Hyporhamphus is the sister group of a clade from Belonidae and Zenarchopteridae . The family name Hyporhamphidae was proposed for this half-beak clade.

  Garfish  (Beloniformes)  
  Adrianichthyoidei  

 Rice fish (Adrianichthyidae)


  Belonoidei  


 Flying fish (Exocoetidae)


   

 Half- beak ( Euleptorhamphus , Hemiramphus , Oxyporhamphus )



   

 Half-beak, "Hyporhamphidae" ( Arrhamphus , Hyporhamphus )


   

 Zenarchopteridae


   

 Garfish (Belonidae)






Template: Klade / Maintenance / Style

literature

Individual evidence

Most of the information in this article is taken from the sources given under literature, and the following sources are also cited:

  1. ↑ Tylosurus crocodilus on Fishbase.org (English)
  2. ↑ Ricardo Betancur-R, Edward O. Wiley, Gloria Arratia, Arturo Acero, Nicolas Bailly, Masaki Miya, Guillaume Lecointre and Guillermo Ortí: Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes . BMC Evolutionary Biology, BMC series - July 2017, DOI: 10.1186 / s12862-017-0958-3
  3. ↑ NR Lovejoy, M. Pour Iran, BB & Collette; Phylogeny and Jaw Ontogeny of Beloniform Fishes PDF
  4. ↑ Vivianne Sant'Anna, Bruce B. Collette, Nathan R. Lovejoy, Roberto E. Reis: A new classification of Beloniformes based on a total evidence analysis. Paper presented at the II International Symposium on Phylogeny and Classification of Neotropical Fishes .

Web links

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