Hospitaller

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Hospitaller is the name given to members of hospital orders , i.e. of religious orders who are dedicated to the care of the sick and the poor in a monastery or monastery hospital . The term can be derived from the Latin hospitalis , "hospitable", "belonging to the innkeeper".

historical development

The poor and sick care developed from the basic obligation for landlords laid down by Charlemagne in 799 . The responsibility for caring for the poor in the countryside was assigned to the monasteries , in the cities it was taken over by canonical institutions and hospitals.

Hospital Order

Well-known medieval hospital orders include the Order of Antoniter (1095), the Order of St. John (1099), the Order of the Holy Spirit (1170) and the Order of Lazarus (1198). In the late Middle Ages and the early modern period emerged from Hospital fraternities, mendicant orders and Begardengruppen new nursing order as the Alexian (1468), the Hospital Brothers of St John of God (1571) or the Camillians (1582), which according to the Rule of St. Augustine lived and worked in hospitals. Order members specifically commissioned with hospital care were also referred to as hospitalers . All female members of the hospital orders and sometimes other nuns active in the nursing or poor care (for example: Elisabethinnen (1622), Franciscans , Gray Sisters (1842) or Sisters of Mercy ) were referred to as hospital nurses . In the 19th century in particular, many congregations emerged whose main task is to care for the elderly and the sick.

Hospital Order of Knights

When military orders of knights emerged in the Holy Land at the time of the Crusades , some brotherhoods, originally established as pure hospital orders , developed into a combination of knight and hospital orders by taking on military tasks. These included in particular the Johanniter, which split into the Order of St. John and the Order of Malta during the Reformation , and the German Order . Both orders later retained their nominal status as knightly orders, even if they gave up their military fields of activity in the meantime.

In historiography, the terms "Hospitaller" or "Hospitaller order" are also used synonymously for "St. John" and "St. John" after the oldest knight hospital order.

Others

In the area of re-enactment of the Middle Ages and the Crusades, there are also leisure groups who call themselves “hospitallers”.

Web links

• Universal Lexicon , accessed March 20, 2019

Individual evidence

1. ^ Karl Suso Frank : Hospitaliter, Hospitaliterinnen . In: Walter Kasper (Ed.): Lexicon for Theology and Church . 3. Edition. tape 5 . Herder, Freiburg im Breisgau 1996, Sp. 786 f .
2. ↑ Hospitaller . In: Lexicon of the Middle Ages (LexMA). Volume 5, Artemis & Winkler, Munich / Zurich 1991, ISBN 3-7608-8905-0 , Sp. 137.
3. ↑ Marcel Bieger: Actors walking a fine line. In: Chronico , March 6, 2008, accessed on March 22, 2019.