Hurufism
The Hurufism ( Arabic حروفية/ ḥurūfiyya ) is one of Fazlallāh Astarābādī (1339-1401), also called Faḍl Allāh Ḥurūfī, founded in the late 14th century , Shiite -influenced, mystical- gnostic variant of Sufism .
His followers saw Fazlallah as a “manifestation of God in a human body and expected that he would return in a second coming after his execution and create a just society before the world was destroyed in a final apocalypse” (“Manifestation of God in a human body and expect that upon his return after his execution he will create a just society before the world is destroyed in a final apocalypse ”).
The Azerbaijani poet and philosopher Imadaddin Nasimi (d. 1417/18) turned to her and successfully spread Fazlallah Astarabadi's teachings.
"The doctrine of speech sounds - phonetics - was referred to by the Muslims as" Ilm-e Huruf "or" Macharidsch Al Huruf "- that is, the science of letters and" letter formation "." The followers of Hurufism were also called Hurûfi or " Letter interpreter ".
Fazlallah Astarabadi tried to convert the Mongol ruler Timur (Tamerlan), but was arrested and executed on his orders in 1394 by Miran Shah , a son of Timur, near Naxchevan (Naxçıvan). His supporters revolted in Azerbaijan , but the uprising was put down.
In the 15th century , the teaching was spread across Azerbaijan, Turkey , Iran , Iraq , Syria and other countries in the Muslim Orient.
In the Ottoman Empire the doctrine was one of his students, Ali al-Ada (Alī Al-A'la), introduced and of the dervish order of the Bektashi accepted. He has preserved the legacy of Fazlallah's teachings for the longest and to this day ( Balkans , Albania ).
The Kurdish Ahl-e Haqq were also influenced by the teaching.
Fazlallah Astarabadi's book “ Jawidanname ” (Book of Eternity), also known as “Jawidane Kabir” (Great Eternity), was considered holy scripture by followers of the doctrine.
More recently, Hamid Algar , Fatih Usluer , Shahzad Bashir and Orkhan Mir-Kasimov have done research on Hurufism.
Personalities
literature
- Fazlullah Esterâbâdî, Câvidannâme; Dürr-i Yetim İsimli Tercümesi, haz. Fatih Usluer, İstanbul, Kabalci Yayınevi, 2012.
- Shahzad Bashir: Fazlallah Astarabadi and the Hurufis ( Makers of the Muslim World ) Oxford 2005
- Fatih Usluer: “Le Houroufisme. La doctrine et son influence dans la littérature persane et ottomane “, EPHE-Paris, Phd Thesis, 2007.
- sosyalarastirmalar.com: Hurufism among Albanian Bektashis (PDF; 242 kB)
- Moojan Momen : An Introduction to Shi'i Islam. The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shi'ism . Yale University Press 1985
- Elias John Wilkinson Gibb , Edward Granville Browne : A history of Ottoman poetry (1900) ( Online )
- Chingiz Qajar: The Famous Sons of Ancient and Medieval Azerbaijan ( PDF file ; table of contents ) - pp. 162–166 (“The Philosopher Who was Executed and Buried in Nakhchivan: Fazlullah Naimi”)
- Orkhan Mir-Kasimov: “Étude de textes hurûfî anciens: l'oeuvre fondatrice de Fadlallâh Astarâbâdî,” Ph.D. diss., École Pratique des Hautes Études, Paris, 2007 ( short description )
- Orkhan Mir-Kasimov: Jāvdān-nāma. In: Encyclopædia Iranica , vol. 14/6, p. 603-605. (Ed.Ehsan Yarshater) New York: Columbia University, 2008, p. 603–605 ( brief description )
- Edward Granville Browne : Further notes on the literature of the Hurufis and their connection with the Bektashi order of Dervishes . "Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society," July, 1907
- Clément Huart : Textes Persans relatifs à la secte des Houroûfîs / publiés, traduits et annotés par M. Clément Huart,… suivi d'une étude sur la religion des Houroûfîs par Riẓá Tevfíq, connu sous le nom de Feylesouf Riẓá. Suffering a.]: Brill [u. a.], 1909 ( EJW Gibb memorial series ; 9) ( online )
- AJ Wensinck , JH Kramers (ed.): Concise dictionary of Islam . Brill, Leiden 1941
Web links
- HORUFISM ( Hamid Algar ) - iranicaonline.org
- ASTARĀBĀDĪ, FAŻLALLĀH ( H. Algar ) - iranicaonline.org
- JĀVDĀN-NĀMA (Orkhan Mir-Kasimov) - iranicaonline.org
- HURIFISM / Baktashi ( Waqf Ikhlas , Istanbul, 1995)
- blogs.taz.de: In Azerbaijan the gardener is the philosopher
- blogs.taz.de: Nuxa or: The philosopher is the gardener
- Hurufis - Heretics of Islam
References and footnotes
- ↑ On the writings of Faḍl-Allāh from Astarābād, cf. iranicaonline.org as well as Chingiz Qajar (p. 162 ff.) and Gibb / Browne (p. 337 ff.)
- ↑ oneworld-publications.com ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ; ibid .: “He claimed that he had received direct revelations from God in his dreams and that this made him equal in stature to the prophets Moses, Jesus, and Muhammad. His dreams also gave him the power to interpret the dreams of others and understand all human and animal languages. "
- ↑ german.irib.ir: The Islamic Culture and Civilization in the Course of History (Part 48) - broadcast manuscript of the broadcasting company of the Islamic Republic of Iran from March 25, 2012 - cf. encquran.brill.nl: ḥurūf
- ↑ Max Meyerhof: Persian Turkish Mysticism. Orient-Buchhandlung Heinz Lafaire, Hannover 1921, p. 24
- ↑ cf. iranicaonline.org: ʿAlī al-Aʿlā
- ↑ cf. Munir D. Ahmed: Islamic culture, contemporary trends, popular piety. The Religions of Mankind , Vol. 25, 3, 1990, p. 126
- ↑ cf. JĀVDĀN-NĀMA - iranicaonline.org
- ↑ "The Bektashiya also deified Fazallah and took his book Javidan-name (Turkish - Ashik-name) as the sacred writing." jews-for-allah.org: Bektashiya (O. Akimushkin); see. iranicaonline.org, after which it was also translated into Turkish by a Bektashi ( iranicaonline.org , after Gölpınarlı)
- ↑ “revered by his followers as Koran of Khurufism” (Chingiz Qajar, p. 163)
- ↑ cf. ismaili.net
| Hurufism (alternative names of the lemma) |
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| Ḥurūfīs; Ḥurūfīya, Hurūfīya; Ḥurūfiyya sect; Ḥorūfī; Hurufi, Hurufism; Khurufism; Hurufism; Khurufism; Horufi |