Ionophore

An ionophore is a molecule that transports ions across a membrane .

Some bacteria form ionophores, i.e. molecules that increase the permeability of membranes to ions. Such molecules often have an antibiotic effect, since they break down ion concentration gradients. Some ionophores are used by bacteria as a pore-forming toxin . A distinction is made between carrier ionophores and channel-forming ionophores:

Carrier ionophores bind ions, diffuse through the cell membrane and release the ions again on the other side.
Channel-forming ionophores are small proteins ( peptides ) that form pores or transmembrane channels through which the corresponding ions can diffuse ( ion channels ).

Chromoionophores carry chromophoric groups and are e.g. B. crown ethers , which lead to a color change when complexed with metal ions.

Examples

2,4- Dinitrophenol (H ⁺ carrier, protonophore)
Calixarenes (Pb ²⁺ ), s. a. Examples of chromoionophores
Fusafungin (alkali cation transport)
Gramicidin A (K ⁺ channel) (H ⁺ , Na ⁺ )
Ionomycin (Ca ²⁺ carrier)
Crown ether (Na ⁺ , K ⁺ )
Nystatin (K ⁺ channel)
Porphyrin (NO ₂^- )
Salinomycin (K ⁺ )
Valinomycin (K ⁺ carrier)

Examples of chromoionophores

Calixarenes (Cs, Rb) e.g. B. a bis (arylazo) calix [5] arene crown ether derivative
Diaza-18-kron-6-ether-Chromoionophores (Ca)

Examples of other ionophores

Calcimycin (A23187) (Ca ²⁺ )
Beauvericin (Ca ²⁺ , Ba ²⁺ )
Enniatin (ammonium)
FCCP (Carbonylcyanide- p -trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone) (H ⁺ -carrier, protonophore) and CCCP (Carbonylcyanid- m -chlorophenylhydrazone) (H ⁺ -carrier, protonophore)
Lasalocid
Macrocycle (NO ₃^- )
Monensin (Na ⁺ / H ⁺ exchanger)
Nigericin (K ⁺ , H ⁺ , Pb ²⁺ )
Nonactin (ammonium ionophore I)
Perfluorooctanesulfonamide (H ⁺ )

Web links

Commons : Ionophor - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

↑ Dongmei Zhang, Jennifer D. Crawford, Richard A. Bartsch: Di-ionizable p-tert-butylcalix [4] arene-1,2-monothiacrown-3 ligands in the cone conformation: synthesis and metal ion extraction . Tetrahedron 64, 42, 2008, pp. 9843-9849; doi: 10.1016 / j.tet.2008.07.115 .
↑ D. Levy, A. Bluzat, M. Seigneuret, JL Rigaud: alkali cation transport through liposomes by the antimicrobial fusafungine and its constitutive enniatins. In: Biochem. Pharmacol. 22; 50 (12), 1995, pp. 2105-2107. PMID 8849339 .
^ Roland Lindner: Prostate Cancer, Fate or Challenge. videel OHG, Niebüll 2001, ISBN 3-89906-123-3 , pp. 115 and 192.
↑ James LM Gordon, Volker Böhmer, Walter Vogt: A calixarene-based chromoionophore for the larger alkali metals. In: Tetrahedron Letters . 36, 14, 1995, pp. 2445-2448, doi: 10.1016 / 0040-4039 (95) 00277-J .
↑ Patent DE69707610T2: Calcium-specific diaza-18-kron-6-ether chromoionophores

[1] Dongmei Zhang, Jennifer D. Crawford, Richard A. Bartsch: Di-ionizable p-tert-butylcalix [4] arene-1,2-monothiacrown-3 ligands in the cone conformation: synthesis and metal ion extraction . Tetrahedron 64, 42, 2008, pp. 9843-9849; doi: 10.1016 / j.tet.2008.07.115 .

[2] D. Levy, A. Bluzat, M. Seigneuret, JL Rigaud: alkali cation transport through liposomes by the antimicrobial fusafungine and its constitutive enniatins. In: Biochem. Pharmacol. 22; 50 (12), 1995, pp. 2105-2107. PMID 8849339 .

[3] Roland Lindner: Prostate Cancer, Fate or Challenge. videel OHG, Niebüll 2001, ISBN 3-89906-123-3 , pp. 115 and 192.

[4] James LM Gordon, Volker Böhmer, Walter Vogt: A calixarene-based chromoionophore for the larger alkali metals. In: Tetrahedron Letters . 36, 14, 1995, pp. 2445-2448, doi: 10.1016 / 0040-4039 (95) 00277-J .

[5] Patent DE69707610T2: Calcium-specific diaza-18-kron-6-ether chromoionophores