Jewish community Ingenheim
The Jewish community in Ingenheim in Ingenheim existed from the 17th century to 1940. In the mid-19th century it was the largest Jewish community in the Palatinate . Until its dissolution, the Jewish community was the seat of the Ingenheim district rabbinate and then belonged to the Landau district rabbinate .
history
First mentions of Jews living in the Ingenheim area go back to the 14th century. In the 15th and 16th centuries Jews who had settled in Ingenheim are mentioned again. A Jewish community did not emerge until the 17th century. The number of members of the Jewish community rose sharply in the years that followed. In the middle of the 19th century it reached its peak with 619 Jewish members. At that time, the Jewish community in Ingenheim was the largest Jewish community in the Palatinate. From the middle of the 19th century, there was a wave of emigration, mainly to the United States . This meant that the number of Jewish residents of Ingenheim also fell sharply. From 1869 to 1884 the Jewish community provided Bernhard Roos as the mayor of Ingenheim. From the beginning of the 1920s, the members of the Jewish communities of Klingenmünster , Heuchelheim and Göcklingen also belonged to the community. In addition to teaching staff for the schools, the community employed a rabbi , a cantor who also held the duties of a shochet , two civil servants and a synagogue servant. From 1933, after the seizure of power of Adolf Hitler , the Jewish inhabitants were increasingly disenfranchised. This led to another departure of Jewish community members. During the November pogroms in 1938 , the synagogue was first devastated and set on fire. Then the Jewish apartments and houses were stormed. The male members of the community were deported to Landau and from there to the Dachau concentration camp . Jewish women were requested by the Gauleitung under Gauleiter Josef Bürckel to leave Ingenheim within 24 hours and to be at Landau's main train station. From there they were mainly brought to the Mannheim area . During these measures, the apartments, houses and shops of the Jewish community members as well as the business premises of the Jewish religious community were looted. Two weeks later the order was lifted and the men and women were allowed to return to Ingenheim. The majority of the 57 members of the Jewish community who were still living in Ingenheim and who had returned at the time left Ingenheim after 1938. The last three residents of the Jewish faith were deported to the French internment camp Gurs in October 1940 as part of the so-called Wagner-Bürckel campaign . After 1945, the Landau public prosecutor's office investigated the events during and after the November pogroms. The preliminary investigation was closed due to a lack of evidence. The involvement of citizens from Ingenheim could not be proven. It was found that only Siegfried Line workers and members of the SA who did not come from Ingenheim were involved in the destruction . Josef Bürckel died of natural causes in 1944 and could no longer be prosecuted.
Development of the Jewish population
| year | Jews | Jewish families | comment |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1689 | 8th | ||
| 1744 | 23 | ||
| 1786 | 206 | ||
| 1808 | 316 | 28 percent of the population of Ingenheim | |
| 1825 | 448 | 32 percent of the population of Ingenheim | |
| 1856 | 619 | ||
| 1867 | 509 | 33 percent of the population of Ingenheim | |
| 1875 | 432 | ||
| 1900 | 207 | ||
| 1932 | 97 | ||
| 1933 | 83 or 90 | Different information in the sources | |
| 1936 | 95 | ||
| 1937 | 92 | ||
| 1938 | 57 | ||
| September 1940 | 3 |
Source: alemannia-judaica.de; jewische-gemeinden.de
Facilities
synagogue
The synagogue was built in 1832 at Bergzabener Straße 220 (today's Hauptstraße 17). It had 240 seats for men and 170 seats in a women's gallery . During the November pogroms in 1938 , the synagogue was devastated and set on fire. During the war, the ruins were further destroyed by shells and then demolished.
Mikveh
The community had a mikveh . This was set up in the basement of the school and cantor house.
graveyard
Since the 17th century, the deceased have been buried in the Jewish cemetery Am Pfaffenberg in Ingenheim. Before that, the dead were buried in the Jewish cemetery in Annweiler .
school
The school building, which also housed the cantor's apartment and the Ingenheim district rabbinate, was located at Bergzaberner Strasse 220 (today's Hauptstrasse 17) right next to the synagogue. It was built in 1841. In 1951 the building, which was badly damaged by the war, was sold and demolished.
Israelite denominational school
The Israelite denominational school existed since the middle of the 19th century. The community had hired an elementary school teacher during this time . In addition to this task, he was also in charge of the synagogue choir.
Ingenheim Boys' Institute
The Ingenheim Boys' Institute existed since 1863. It was headed by a Jewish senior teacher and the Protestant pastor of the community. In addition, there were at least three other teachers who taught English, physics and bookkeeping. The school offered training in the postal and railroad service, in the commercial sector as well as teaching in classical languages . Students who came from outside Ingenheim had the opportunity to live in a boarding house while visiting the boys' institute .
societies
The members of the Jewish community maintained the following associations:
- Israelite poor and sick association
- Israelite poor, sick and welfare association
- Synagogue choir
- Israelite women's association
- Local group of the Central Association (CV)
Holocaust victim
The Memorial Book - Victims of the Persecution of Jews under the National Socialist Tyranny 1933–1945 and the Central Database of the Names of the Holocaust Victims of Yad Vashem list 61 members of the Ingenheim Jewish community (who were born there or lived there temporarily) who were during the time of National Socialism were murdered.
literature
- Cilli Kasper-Holtkatte: Jews on the move. On the social history of a minority in the Saar-Mosel area around 1800. In: Helmut Castritius (Ed.), Alfred Haverkamp (Ed.), Franz Irsigler (Ed.), Stefi Jersch-Wenzel (Ed.): Research on the history of the Jews (= Research on the history of the Jews. Volume 3). Hahnsche Buchhandlung Verlag, Hanover 1996, ISBN 978-3775256124 . ( online )
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d Ingenheim . alemannia-judaica.de. Retrieved April 24, 2020.
- ↑ a b Ingenheim (Rhineland-Palatinate) . jewische-gemeinden.de. Retrieved April 24, 2020.
- ↑ Pogrom 1938 . Project group Jewish life in Ingenheim. Retrieved April 25, 2020.
- ↑ Hauptstrasse 17 - Synagogue . Project group Jewish life in Ingenheim. Retrieved April 24, 2020.
- ↑ a b Hauptstrasse 17 - Kantorenhaus . Project group Jewish life in Ingenheim. Retrieved April 24, 2020.
- ↑ Commemorative Book Victims of the Persecution of Jews under the National Socialist Tyranny in Germany 1933–1945 . Federal Archives. Retrieved April 24, 2020.
- ^ Central database of the names of Holocaust victims . Yad Vashem - International Holocaust Memorial. Retrieved April 24, 2020.