Japanese ark shell

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Japanese ark shell
Japanese ark mussel (Anadara kagoshimensis)

Japanese ark mussel ( Anadara kagoshimensis )

Systematics
Order : Arcida
Superfamily : Arcoidea
Family : Ark clams (Arcidae)
Subfamily : Anadarinae
Genre : Anadara
Type : Japanese ark shell
Scientific name
Anadara kagoshimensis
( S. Tokunaga , 1906)
Anadara kagoshoimensis (Tokunaga, 1906), original images from Tokunaga 1906, plate 3, fig. 21a, b
Original images for Arca subcrenata Lischke, 1869

The Japanese ark clam ( Anadara kagoshimensis ) is a shell - type from the family of ark shells (Arcidae) in the order of Arcida . It is common in the western Pacific and the central Indian Ocean . In the 1960s, specimens of this species were probably introduced into the Mediterranean by shipping . Since then it has spread massively in the Adriatic . It can be described as an invasive species because it displaces native species through mass reproduction (up to 120 specimens per square meter in the Adriatic).

features

The slightly unevenly hinged, heavily expanded case has a maximum length of 95 mm (19 to 50 mm for specimens from Galicia). The specimens in the tidal area remain somewhat smaller than the specimens from the subtidal. It is significantly longer than it is tall. The height / width ratio is specified as 0.69 to 0.88, the thickness to length ratio as 0.53 to 0.84. Lischke gives a ratio of length to height to thickness of 65:52:45 mm. The left flap is slightly larger than the right flap; the right flap sits in the left flap. The case is clearly unequal to the vertebrae in front of the center line of the case, the rear part of the case is elongated. The vertebra is broad and curled up almost straight. However, the tips remain far apart. The outline of the case is obliquely egg-shaped and has a straight to very slightly arched dorsal edge and an obliquely truncated, slightly arched rear edge. The lower rear housing corner is rounded and angled. The front edge is moderately arched and slopes more steeply than the rear edge. The ventral margin is well rounded. A weakly indicated keel runs from the vertebra to the lower rear end of the housing.

The external ligament lies on either side of the vertebra. The area is wide, lanceolate and is almost completely occupied by the ligament. The lock is taxodont, the upper lock edge is straight, the lower lock edge can also be slightly curved. The teeth become larger towards the outside and diverge more strongly towards the outside. There is no toothless area in the center. The two sphincters are roughly the same size.

The shell is thick and tight. The ornamentation consists of 30 to 34 radial ribs that are flattened at the top. The surface of the ribs is almost regularly cross-wrinkled, which results in rectangular elevations on the ribs. The spaces between the ribs are narrower than the ribs themselves. The periostracum is dark brown to green-brown, it usually persists over the entire surface. The inner edge of the case is heavily notched. The notches correspond to the ribs on the top. The shell itself is white to dirty white, also slightly yellowish towards the vertebrae, the inside is pure white. The soft body of living animals is orange to reddish in color due to the blood pigment hemoglobin.

Geographical distribution, habitat and way of life

The original range of the species extended over the coasts of the central Indian Ocean and the western Pacific , in the east from Japan , China and Korea in the north to northern Australia (in the south) and in the west from the coasts of India , Sri Lanka to Indonesia . It occurred (and does not yet occur) in the Red Sea . The animals live in the tidal range down to the shallow water below the tidal range.

Presumably in the 1960s, specimens of this species were introduced into the Mediterranean, presumably by shipping. Since then, it has spread massively in the Adriatic and displaced native species due to their sheer number (up to 120 specimens per square meter in the Adriatic). In the meantime it has spread further into the eastern Mediterranean, the Marmara Sea and also into the Black Sea . On the Romanian Black Sea coast, up to 476 specimens per square meter were found! Individual finds have also been made in the western Mediterranean. In 2015, small colonies in Galicia (north-west Spain) were found or published. However, this occurrence had been known in the gray literature since 2003. Presumably the species was brought to Galicia with mussels or mussel fry from aquaculture from the Adriatic Sea.

The hemolymph of Anadara kagoshimensis contains erythrocytes with the oxygen transport protein hemoglobin , which enables the animals to survive in sediments that are a little less oxygenated . Hemoglobin binds oxygen much more effectively than the oxygen transport protein hemocyanin, which is widely used in molluscs . It therefore tends to multiply in suitable habitats and displaces species native to the Mediterranean such as z. B. the common clam ( Chamelea gallina (Linnaeus, 1758)) and the lagoon cockle ( Cerastoderma glaucum (Bruguière, 1789)).

development

The animals are of separate sex. In Japan ( Ariake Bay ), gametes began to develop in April. The spawning season was in July and August. During this time, sex products were released into the water several times.

Taxonomy

The taxon was first described by Carl Emil Lischke in 1869 as Arca subcrenata . In 1906 S. Tokunaga described the species again as Arca kagoshimensis . This name would basically be a more recent synonym for Arca subcrenata Lischke, 1869. But the latter name was already given by Arca subcrenata Michelotti, 1861, so Arca kagoshimensis now takes its place. The taxon is now placed in the genus Anadara Gray, 1857. Anadara sativa (Bernard, Cai & Morton, 1993) is another younger synonym of Anadara kagoshimensis . This name had been proposed as a replacement name for Arca subcrenata Lischke, in 1869. The authors overlooked the fact that Arca kagoshimensis was already a more recent synonym. Another synonym exists with Arca (Scapharca) peitaihoensis Grabau & King, 1928.

It was only in 2010 that it was recognized that the invasive Anadara species introduced into the Mediterranean Sea belonged to this taxon. It was first identified as Scapharca cf. cornea (Reeve, 1844). She was later identified as Anadara inaequivalvis (Bruguière). Markus Huber expressed doubts about this identification in 2010 and said that it was probably Anadara kagoshimensis . This assumption was confirmed in 2014 by molecular biological studies, which showed a 99.8 to 100% agreement with Anadara kagoshimensis (Tokunaga, 1906). In 2015, the first finds of this type from the waters of Galicia (northern Spain) were published. Here, too, a molecular biological investigation showed that it is Anadara kagoshimensis .

Sacks of Anadara kagoshimensis in a fish market in Tokyo

Commercial importance

The Japanese ark shell ( Japanese サ ル ボ ウ ガ イ , Sarubō-gai ) is caught commercially in Japan and also grown in aquaculture.

literature

  • Argyro Zenetos, Serge Gofas, Giovanni Russo, José Templado: CIESM Atlas of Exotic Species in the Mediterranean. Vol.3 Mollusca. CIESM (Frédéric Briand, ed.), Monaco, 2003 ISBN 92-990003-3-6 (p. 214/15)

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b S. Tokunaga: Fossils from the Environs of Tokyo. Journal of the College of Science, Imperial University of Tokyo, 21 (2): 1-96, Tokyo 1906 Online at www.biodiversitylibrary.org (p. 59).
  2. ↑ a b c Carl Emil Lischke : Japanese marine conchylia. A contribution to the knowledge of the mollusks in Japan with special regard to their geographical distribution. Volume 1, 192 pp., Cassel / Kassel, T. Fischer, 1869 [www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/40929#page/156/mode/1up Online at www.biodiversitylibrary.org] (p. 146) plate 9 .
  3. ^ Theodor CH Cole: Dictionary of Invertebrates / Dictionary of Invertebrates: Latin-German-English. Springer Spektrum, Berlin 2017, ISBN 978-3-662-52869-3 , p. 46. Preview on Google Books (p. 46, here Anadara subcrenata )
  4. ↑ List of trade names for fishery and aquaculture products, taking into account the current Federal Gazette announcements of: a) 83rd amendment to the announcement on trade names from November 15, 2016 b) 94th definition of provisional trade names from March 1, 2017 PDF  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.fischinfo.de  
  5. ↑ a b c d Rafael Bañón, Jesús Fernández, Juan E. Trigo, Jacinto Pérez-Dieste, David Barros-García, Alejandro de Carlos: Range expansion, biometric features and molecular identification of the exotic ark shell Anadara kagoshimensis from Galician waters, NW Spain. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 95 (3): 545-550, 2015. doi : 10.1017 / S0025315414002045
  6. ^ Wilhelm Kobelt: The genus Arca L. In illustrations after nature with descriptions. Systematic Conchylia Cabinet by Martini and Chemnitz, 8 (2): 1-238, Nuremberg 1891 Online at www.biodiversitylibrary.org (p. 47 as Arca (Scapharca) subcrenata Lischke), plate 13 .
  7. ↑ NL Finogenova: Phenotypic Variability of Bivalve Mollusk Anadara kagoshimensis (Bivalvia, Arcidae) of the Azov - Black Sea Basin. Hydrobiological Journal, 53 (2): 25-32, doi : 10.1615 / HydrobJ.v53.i2.30
  8. ↑ Tatsuya Yurimoto, Yuichiro Mori, Shiro Ito, Yukio Maeno: Reproductive Cycle of the Subcrenated Ark Shell Scapharca kagoshimensis (Tokunaga, 1906) in Ariake Bay, Japan. Journal of Shellfish Research, 27 (5): 1101-1108, 2008 doi : 10.2983 / 0730-8000-27.5.1101
  9. ↑ MolluscaBase: Anadara kagoshimensis (Tokunaga, 1906)
  10. ^ Eugene V. Coan, Konstantin A. Lutaenko, Junlong Zhang, Qimeng Sun: The Molluscan Taxa of AW Grabau & SG King (1928) and their types. Malacologia, 58 (1-2): 179-224, 2015 PDF (ResearchGate)
  11. ^ Markus Huber: Compendium of Bivalves. 901 S., Hackenheim, ConchBooks, 2010 ISBN 978-3-939767-28-2
  12. ↑ Ana-Maria Krapal, Oana Paula Popa, Alexandra Florina Levarda, Elena Iulia Iorgu, Marieta Costache, Fabio Crocetta, Luis Ovidiu Popa: Molecular confirmation of Anadara kagoshimensis (Tokunaga, 1906) (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Arcidae) in the Black Sea. Trauvaux du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle Grigore Antipu, 57 (1): 9-12, 2014 PDF
  13. ^ MJ Broom; The Biology and Culture of Marine Bivalve Molluscs of the Genus Anadara. 37 pp., Manila, ICLARM, Int. Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management, 1985 previewed on Google Books