Jorge Tadeo Lozano

Jorge Lozano on a painting by Víctor Moscoso

Jorge Tadeo Lozano, Viscount Pastrana (born January 30, 1771 in Santafé de Bogotá ; † July 6, 1816 ibid) was a neo-Granada scientist, journalist and politician who presided over the Constituent Colegio Electoral de Cundinamarca and who was the first elected president of the united provinces of Cundinamarca (modern day Colombia ) in 1811.

Childhood and youth

Jorge Tadeo Lozano was born on January 30, 1771 in Santafé de Bogotá, the capital of the viceroyalty of New Granada , today's Bogotá as Jorge Tadeo Lozano de Peralta y González Manrique. He was the son of Marqueses San Jorge, Jorge Miguel Lozano de Peralta Varaés Maldonado de Mendoza y Olaya and María González Manrique del Frago Bonis.

He was the epitome of the Renaissance man, a polymath who also belonged to one of the most prestigious and wealthy families in the Viceroyalty, and received a very comprehensive and in-depth education. He studied literature, philosophy and medicine at the Colegio Mayor del Rosario . After completing his studies, he decided to pursue a career in the military, and continued his studies in Spain as part of the Walloon Guards, where he fought for Spain in the War of the Pyrenees against the French. He served under the command of the Spanish General Luis Firmin de Carvajal, Conde de la Union, and rose in the ranks to the rank of captain in the Spanish army . During his time in Madrid between 1792 and 1793 he also studied chemistry and mathematics at the Real Laboratorio de Química de la Corte de Madrid. After completing his studies and leaving his military service, Lozano traveled through Europe and lived in Paris for a while.

Upon his return to New Granada in 1797, he became an active member of the Tertulias Bogotás, including the Tertulia des Casinos , directed by Antonio Nariño , and attended by other prominent criollos such as Francisco Antonio Zea and Manuel de Bernardo Alvarez.

Specialized journalism

In 1801 Lozano and his relative Dr. José Luis Azuola y Lozano, the Correo Curioso, erudito, Económico y Mercantil de la Ciudad de Santafé de Bogotá newspaper, the third newspaper in the Viceroyalty and history of Colombia. This weekly was published between February 17, 1801 and December 29 of the same year, with a total of 46 publications. This publication and the subsequent newspapers that were in circulation at the time were of crucial importance in the development of ideas among the criollos who propagated the idea of a self-governing New Granada, with administration, economy and culture detached from Europe, and thus in Europe laid the conditions for a future separation. Lozano had the opportunity to publish some of his own articles in the newspaper, especially those about dealing with the idea of forming an economic alliance to strengthen the Viceroyalty economy.

In 1806 Lozano took part in a botanical expedition led by José Celestino Mutis , which brought important zoological knowledge; Lozano's most important work was titled Memoria Sobre las Serpientes and was published in 1810. He also taught chemistry at Colegio Mayor del Rosario.

He returned to journalism in 1814 when he co- founded and ran the newspaper El anteojo de larga Vista with José Ángel Manrique . Only 15 issues appeared, these were liberally patriotic.

Private life

On his return to New Granada, Lozano fell in love with his niece Maria Lozano Tadea e Isasi, the daughter of his brother José María Lozano de Peralta, the 2nd Marquis of San Jorge. He expressed his wish to marry her, but the Roman Catholic Church could not marry her because of her blood relatives ; He applied for an exemption from the Archbishop of Bogotá, Baltazar Jaime Martínez Compañón, for which he paid a total of 2,600 pesos on June 7, 1797, including 2,000 pesos as grants for the education of the girls of the Enseñanza school , and 600 pesos for decorations of the Church, including two religious paintings, and the construction of an aqueduct in Funza . The exemption was granted on June 28, 1797 and the wedding took place on July 2 of the same year. The marriage resulted in 8 children.

He became Viscount of Pastrana, this courtesy title was actually reserved for the eldest son of the Marquis of San Jorge from Bogotá, the title was originally owned by his older brother Miguel Jorge, but he ceded it to Jorge Tadeo when he was his daughter Maria Tadea Lozano e Isasi got married.

Political life

His first engagement in politics was in 1799 when he was appointed mayor of Bogotá, but he did not stay in that office long.

After the events of the independence of New Granada, he offered his services for this cause and becomes more involved in politics. When José Miguel Pey de Andrades took office in the Cabildo abierto of Bogotá, he stood up for a constituent assembly to set the course for the emerging state. Lozano was among those elected to represent the Soto constituency and was named President of the Constituent Assembly. This was endowed with executive and legislative powers. This assembly drafted the first constitution of the Cundinamarca. This constitution, the King of Spain as monarch recognized, had a liberal representative character and rejected the demands for representation by the viceroy, so that the colony would be converted into a Commonwealth state. On April 1, 1811, Jorge Tadeo Lozano took office as the first president of the newly created federation, the United Provinces of New Granada .

As President of the State of Cundinamarca and Vice-Regent of the Spanish King, Lozano acted as Viceroy of New Granada , but he was not perceived by King Ferdinand VII of Spain , who instead appointed Francisco Javier Venegas , Marquis of La Réunion and New Spain to this office . However, this was not able to accept the office.

resignation

Although he was elected president, his tenure did not last long. He has been heavily criticized for being too weak and for the ongoing scandals he and his family have been involved in. His main opponent was Antonio Nariño , who launched a propaganda campaign to drive him out of office. This campaign was spread through his magazine La Bagatela , where he openly called for Lozano's impeachment or resignation. This campaign was just the product of a popular dissatisfaction with Tadeo Lozano, considered by many to be criollos for his ties with Spain and his title of nobility.

He finally resigned on September 19, 1811, and left his office to his successor Antonio Nariño. After that, he withdrew completely from politics and focused on his research and personal life.

death

During the Reconquista in New Granada, the Pacificador Pablo Morillo conquered Bogotá. This was the beginning of the reign of terror, the purge of the independentists and their institutions. Morillo looked for Tadeo Jorge Lozano, because of his involvement in Congress, in the revolutionary newspaper El anteojo , and the fact that he was President of the Cundinamarca. This made it a major target for the Spanish invaders. He was persecuted, his property was expropriated and he was finally arrested. After being imprisoned for two months, he was executed by being shot on July 6, 1816, in the orchard of Jaime, today the Plaza de los Mártires in Bogotá.

Lozano is considered a martyr of the revolution and independence from Colombia. Its contribution to science, in the fields of zoology, botany and expeditions are the basis of the country's science. In 1954, the Jorge Tadeo Lozano University was founded in his honor , with a focus on the areas he researched.

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c Rueda Enciso, José Eduardo: Jorge Tadeo Lozano. In: Gran Enciclopedia de Colombia del Círculo de Lectores. Biblioteca Virtual del Banco de la República, December 13, 2004, accessed January 3, 2009 (Spanish).
↑ ^a ^b P. M. Ibáñez: Crónicas de Bogotá , Imprenta nacional, Bogotá 1915, p. 422.
↑ Á. P. Ortiz Rodríguez: Reformas borbónicas , Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá 2003, ISBN 978-958-9203-90-3 , p. 129.
↑ ^a ^b L. de Roux, AM Rodríguez: Correo curioso, erudito, económico y mercantil de la ciudad de Santafé de Bogotá. Biblioteca Nacional de Colombia / Colcultura, Bogotá 1993, ISBN 978-958-612-093-7 , pp. 7-10.
↑ G. Otero Muñoz: Semblanzas colombianas , Academia Colombiana de Historia / ABC, Bogotá 1938, p. 199.
^ HA Olano García: Dos princesas Byzantinas en la corte de Aquimenzaque , Editorial Berkana Hispanoamericana, Bogotá 2003, ISBN 958-676-220-3 , p. 28.
^ Alcaldía de Bogotá: Alcaldes Distrito Capital. May 31, 2002, accessed January 3, 2009 (Spanish).
^ Ruiz Martínez, Eduardo: Antonio Nariño, primer presidente con sentido de integración nacional. In: Gran Enciclopedia de Colombia del Círculo de Lectores. Biblioteca Virtual del Banco de la República, June 2, 2005, accessed January 20, 2009 (Spanish).
^ SE Ortiz: Genesis de la Revolución del 20 de julio de 1810 , Kelly, Bogotá 1960, p. 93.
↑ Á. Lozano Esquivel: Santander, 1792-1840 Biblioteca de la Presidencia de la República. Colección documentos , Fundación para la Conmemoración del Bicentenario del Natalicio y el Sesquicentenario de la Muerte del General Francisco de Paula Santander, Bogotá 1988, ISBN 978-958-643-020-3 , p. 2.

personal data
SURNAME	Lozano, Jorge Tadeo
ALTERNATIVE NAMES	Viscount Pastrana
BRIEF DESCRIPTION	New Granada scientist, journalist and politician
DATE OF BIRTH	January 30, 1771
PLACE OF BIRTH	Santafé de Bogotá
DATE OF DEATH	July 6, 1816
Place of death	Santafé de Bogotá

[ref_1-1] Rueda Enciso, José Eduardo: Jorge Tadeo Lozano. In: Gran Enciclopedia de Colombia del Círculo de Lectores. Biblioteca Virtual del Banco de la República, December 13, 2004, accessed January 3, 2009 (Spanish).

[ref_2-2] P. M. Ibáñez: Crónicas de Bogotá , Imprenta nacional, Bogotá 1915, p. 422.

[3] Á. P. Ortiz Rodríguez: Reformas borbónicas , Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá 2003, ISBN 978-958-9203-90-3 , p. 129.

[ref_4-4] L. de Roux, AM Rodríguez: Correo curioso, erudito, económico y mercantil de la ciudad de Santafé de Bogotá. Biblioteca Nacional de Colombia / Colcultura, Bogotá 1993, ISBN 978-958-612-093-7 , pp. 7-10.

[5] G. Otero Muñoz: Semblanzas colombianas , Academia Colombiana de Historia / ABC, Bogotá 1938, p. 199.

[ref_6-6] HA Olano García: Dos princesas Byzantinas en la corte de Aquimenzaque , Editorial Berkana Hispanoamericana, Bogotá 2003, ISBN 958-676-220-3 , p. 28.

[7] Alcaldía de Bogotá: Alcaldes Distrito Capital. May 31, 2002, accessed January 3, 2009 (Spanish).

[8] Ruiz Martínez, Eduardo: Antonio Nariño, primer presidente con sentido de integración nacional. In: Gran Enciclopedia de Colombia del Círculo de Lectores. Biblioteca Virtual del Banco de la República, June 2, 2005, accessed January 20, 2009 (Spanish).

[9] SE Ortiz: Genesis de la Revolución del 20 de julio de 1810 , Kelly, Bogotá 1960, p. 93.

[10] Á. Lozano Esquivel: Santander, 1792-1840 Biblioteca de la Presidencia de la República. Colección documentos , Fundación para la Conmemoración del Bicentenario del Natalicio y el Sesquicentenario de la Muerte del General Francisco de Paula Santander, Bogotá 1988, ISBN 978-958-643-020-3 , p. 2.