Carinthian Wulfenie
| Carinthian Wulfenie | ||||||||||||
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Carinthian wulfenia ( Wulfenia carinthiaca ) |
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| Wulfenia carinthiaca | ||||||||||||
| Jacq. |
The Carinthian Wulfenie ( Wulfenia carinthiaca ), also Kuhtritt called, is a species of the family of the way Erich plants (Plantaginaceae).
The species is named after Franz Xaver von Wulfen , who discovered it in 1779 on the Gartnerkofel in Carinthia .
features
The Carinthian wulfenia is a perennial rosette plant and reaches heights of 30 to 40, rarely up to 50 cm. The leaves are undivided. The rosette leaves are inverted egg-shaped, 15 to 20 cm long, notched, shiny and almost bare. There are alternate scale leaves on the stem. The stems are upright, simple and arise from the horizontally growing, branched rhizome . The plant is hairless with the exception of the petioles and the central ribs. The rosette leaves overwinter and give the plant a head start over other plant species in spring.
The inflorescence is 20 to 30 cm high, has scale leaves and is one-sided. The flowers are close together. The chalice is five-fold and up to 8 mm long. The crown is blue-violet and 12 to 15 mm long. Flowering time is from June to July. Bees and bumblebees are believed to be pollinators.
The fruits are many-seeded capsules that open with four flaps and are slightly shorter than the calyx.
The number of chromosomes is 2n = 18.
Systematics and distribution
The division of the genus into species and subspecies has been controversial for a long time. The populations from Asia Minor (Samandağ, Amanos Mountains) are now assigned to separate species ( Wulfenia orientalis and Wulfenia glandulifera ). For a long time, the relationship between the Alpine Carinthian populations and the finds from Albania and Montenegro, from the Prokletije Mountains, was unclear. Different botanists differentiated growing clans as species or subspecies Wulfenia baldaccii and Wulfenia belcicii , with the subspecies blecicii and rohlenae . According to recent morphological and genetic studies, the status of Wulfenia baldaccii as an independent species is justified. This occurs only in southern Prokletije, in Albania. Often referred to as Wulfenia blecicii or Wulfenia carinthiaca subsp. Blecicii , however, were neither morphologically nor genetically differentiable from the Carinthian occurrences. While the genus Wulfenia reaches Miocene age, the European populations are said to have been separated from one another relatively recently, at most about 2 million years ago. According to this view, the species had no subspecies.
Subspecies carinthiaca
The nominate form, Wulfenia carinthiaca subsp. carinthiaca occurs only in a very small area on the Gartnerkofel in the Carnic Alps . Your area covers only 10 km². On the Austrian side it grows on the Garnitzenalm, the Kühwegeralm and the Watschigeralm, on the Italian side on the Auernigalm and the Zirkelalm. It is not uncommon in its area, but due to the small size of the area it is considered endangered and is completely protected in Carinthia. An anointed collection is located on Radhausberg in Bad Gastein (Salzburg).
It grows in Hochstaudenfluren and pasture grass especially the subalpine altitudinal zone , mainly from 1300 to 2000 meters above sea level, but also rises to 1000 m down. It needs light, in shady locations such as in green alder bushes it does not bloom. She prefers a good supply of water and nutrients. The soil should be neutral to slightly acidic with pH values between 5.4 and 7.3. She avoids strongly acidic as well as basic soils.
Well-known ingredients are the phenylethanoid glycosides plantamajoside, 2′‐ O ‐acetylplantamajoside, 2 ′, 6 ″ - O ‐diacetylplantamajoside and the iridoid glycosides globularin, globularimin, isoscophularoside and baldaccioside as well as wulfenoside.
Subspecies blecicii
The plants of the controversial blecicii subspecies hardly differ from those of the carinthiaca subspecies . Their populations, however, are 700 km apart from those of the nominate form: they occur in the Prokletije Mountains in the border area between Montenegro, Kosovo and Albania and occupy an area of around 400 km².
supporting documents
- M. Staudinger: Wulfenia carinthiaca. In: Wolfgang Rabitsch, Franz Essl: Endemites - Treasures in Austria's flora and fauna . Natural Science Association for Carinthia and the Federal Environment Agency, Klagenfurt / Vienna 2009, ISBN 978-3-85328-049-2 , pp. 253f.
- Siegmund Seybold (Ed.): Schmeil-Fitschen interactive. (CD-Rom), Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2001/2002, ISBN 3-494-01327-6 (features)
- Manfred A. Fischer , Karl Oswald, Wolfgang Adler: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol. 3rd, improved edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2008, ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ Wulfenia carinthiaca at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
- ↑ Boštjan Surina, Simon Pfanzelt, Helena JR Einzmann, Dirk C. Albach: Bridging the Alps and the Middle East: Evolution, phylogeny and systematics of the genus Wulfenia (Plantaginaceae). In: Taxon. Volume 63, No. 4, 2014, pp. 843-858. doi: 10.12705 / 634.18
- ^ Ordinance of the Carinthian provincial government of January 30, 2007 (PDF file; 346 kB). Zl. 15-NAT-81/16/2007, on the protection of wild plants (Plant Species Protection Ordinance), Appendix I, accessed August 1, 2009.
- ^ UW Arnold, C. Zidorn, EP Ellmerer, H. Stuppner: Iridoid and Phenolic Glycosides from Wulfenia carinthiaca . In: newspaper of nature research . tape 57 , 2002, p. 969-975 .
- ↑ B. Mutschlechner, B. Rainer, S. Schwaiger, H. Stuppner: Tyrosinase Inhibitors from the Aerial Parts of Wulfenia carinthiaca . In: Fitoterapia . tape 15 , no. 4 , 2018.
Web links
- Illustration from Jacquins Icones plantarum rariorum
- Flora of Austria