Coastal Forest Mazama
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Coastal Forest Mazama ( Mazama bororo ) |
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| Mazama bororo | ||||||||||||
| Duarte , 1996 |
The coastal forest mazama ( Mazama bororo ) is a species of deer that is found in southeastern Brazil in a small area located in the southeast of São Paulo and northeast of Paraná . He lives there in the Atlantic coastal forests , but little data is available about his way of life. The animals are characterized by a reddish coat color and characteristic white spots as well as by the short horns typical of common deer. The species was first described in 1996 and is therefore the last scientifically introduced representative of the common deer. The stock is considered endangered.
features
The coastal forest mazama reaches a head body length of about 85 cm, has a shoulder height of 50 to 60 cm, a 11 to 14 cm long tail and reaches a weight of about 25 kg, making it a medium-sized species of spit-deer. Like the other species of the common deer, the coastal forest mazama has a lower rear part than the front body, the horns are small. These are adaptations to life in dense forests. Outwardly, the coastal forest mazama resembles the great mazama ( Mazama americana ), but is much smaller. The fur has a reddish-brown color, which is more homogeneous than that of the great mazama. The head and neck are gray. Whitish spots appear on the chin, throat, abdomen, and the bases of the ears. The latter feature in particular is more clearly crescent-shaped than that of the Great Mazama. The blackish hind leg markings of the great mazama are only found in the coastal forest mazama on the lower third of the metatarsus and are limited to a narrow line.
Cytogenetically , the coastal forest mazama differs significantly from the large and small mazama ( Mazama nana ). The karyotype of the coastal forest mazama consists of a diploid set of chromosomes with 2n = 32–34 (FN = 46), whereas in the large mazama it consists of 2n = 50–53 (FN = 54, 56, 57) and in the small mazama of 2n = 36-38 (FN = 56, 59, 60). There are also individual deviations in the DNA structure.
distribution and habitat
The coastal forest Mazama lives in a small remainder of the Atlantic Forest in the Serra do Mar . The occurrence extends between the 24th and 26th southern and the 47th and 49th western latitude. In total, the species has so far only been documented at nine sites. They are spread over an area of over 19,400 km², making the distribution area of the coastal forest Mazama one of the smallest of a Neotropical deer. The altitude distribution ranges from sea level to locations of around 1200 m. The region has a humid subtropical climate . The landscape consists of forests with a high canopy and several layers of trees as well as epiphyte-rich vegetation. The population density is very low. In protected areas it is possibly 1.5 individuals per square kilometer, outside it decreases to about a third.
Way of life
The way of life of the coastal forest mazama is largely unexplored. The animals are solitary and crepuscular and nocturnal, most of the evidence so far took place between 6:00 p.m. and 10:00 p.m. The coastal forest mazama may show a seasonally dependent behavior pattern, as more animals have been observed during the rainy season than in the dry season. The areas used by the females are 11.5 to 48.5 hectares in size. Within these territories, the individual individuals move on paths and paths. These often cross smaller streams, which may serve as protection from predators . The species feeds primarily on soft vegetable foods such as leaves, sprouts and fruits. A photographic documentation showed individual animals, among other things on plant stands of figs and various myrtle plants such as guavas and campomanesia . Two contents of the stomach also yielded fruits of the jussara palm and some unidentifiable fruit residues . The coastal forest mazama probably reproduces all year round. However, most births take place at the end of the rainy season in August and September.
Systematics
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Internal systematics of the actual deer according to Heckeberg et al. 2016
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The coastal forest mazama is a species from the genus of the spit deer ( Mazama ) and the deer family (Cervidae). The genus Mazama includes at least ten species, all of which are common in Central and South America . It is within the deer to the subfamily of deception deer (Capreolinae) and again herein to the tribe of authentics capreolinae counted (Odocoileini), the latter include the neotropical deer. The systematics of the Neotropical deer is complex and currently problematic. This also applies to the greater part of the common deer. According to molecular genetic studies, the genus Mazama is paraphyletic and is divided into two different clades : on the one hand, the mostly reddish-tinted species are close to the American deer ( Odocoileus ) and belong to the sub-tribus of the Odocoileina , on the other hand the predominantly gray-colored representatives are grouped with the Andean deer ( hippocamelus ) , the swamp deer ( Blastocerus ) and the pampas deer ( Ozotoceros ) and together form the sub- tribus Blastocerotina . The Küstenwald-Mazama is part of Odocoileina, in which also the Nominatform the genus Mazama , the Red Brocket ( Mazama americana ), and the Kleinmazama ( Mazama nana ), the Yucatan Mazama ( Mazama Pandora ) and Mexico Red Brocket ( Mazama temama ) are classified. The northern dwarf mazama ( Mazama bricenii ) and the red small mazama ( Mazma rufina ) are also closely related to these, although the individuality of the former is doubtful. The great mazama, on the other hand, turned out to be very varied and presumably does not form a closed group, but rather should be understood as a species complex. According to the genetic data, the coastal forest mazama forms a closer family group with part of the large mazama and with the small mazama, the latter being the closest of kin. The two species only separated from each other in the Lower Pleistocene around a million years ago.
Originally the common deer of the Atlantic coastal forests were assigned to the Great Mazama. In 1992, José Maurício Barbanti Duarte discovered deviations in the structure of the chromosome set and suggested that the animals of the Atlantic coastal forests should be viewed as a separate species. The studies were carried out on a male individual from the Sorocaba municipal zoo south of São Paulo . Four years later, Duarte published a guide to the identification of the Brazilian deer and identified the new species Mazama bororo . In the same year, as part of his doctoral thesis , he analyzed three more individuals who came from the geographical vicinity of the first animal examined and who had the same chromosomal properties as this. The establishment of the new species was initially accompanied by controversy, as some researchers did not see any significant differences to the great mazama with the exception of the size differences. It was only in 2003 that Duarte presented a more extensive morphological and cytogenetic description of the coastal forest Mazama, which led to the full recognition of the species.
Danger
The coastal forest Mazama is threatened by habitat loss and fragmentation of habitats due to conversion into agricultural land. In addition, there is illegal hunting or capture by free-roaming or feral dogs. Another danger for the type, the possible hybridization with the Red Brocket ( Mazama americana is). The IUCN therefore considers the kind in the category of "endangered" ( vulnerable ) a. The total population of the animals is estimated at 4500 to 8500 specimens today.
literature
- José Maurício Barbanti Duarte, Alexandre Vogliotti, Eveline dos Santos Zanetti, Márcio Leite de Oliveira, Liliani Marilia Tiepolo, Lilian Figueiredo Rodrigues and Lilian Bonjorne de Almeida: Avaliação do Risco de Extinção do Veado-mateiro-pequeno Mazama bororo Duarte, 1996 . Biodiversidade Brasileira 2 (3), 2012, pp. 42–49
- Stefano Mattioli: Family Cervidae (Deer). In: Don E. Wilson and Russell A. Mittermeier (eds.): Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Volume 2: Hoofed Mammals. Lynx Edicions, 2011, ISBN 978-84-96553-77-4 , p. 442
- Alexandre Vogliotti and José Maurício Barbanti Duarte: Veado-mateiro-pequeno (Mazama bororo). In: José Maurício Barbanti Duarte and Marcelo Lima Reis (eds.): Plano de Ação Nacional Para a Conservação dos Cervídeos Ameaçados de Extinção. Série espécies ameaçadas 22, Brasília, 2012, pp. 72–81
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c José Maurício Barbanti Duarte and W. Jorge: Morphologic and cytogenetic description of the small red brocket (Mazama bororo Duarte, 1996) in Brazil. Mammalia 67, 2003, pp. 403-410
- ↑ a b c d e f Alexandre Vogliotti and José Maurício Barbanti Duarte: Veado-mateiro-pequeno (Mazama bororo). In: José Maurício Barbanti Duarte and Marcelo Lima Reis (eds.): Plano de Ação Nacional Para a Conservação dos Cervídeos Ameaçados de Extinção. Série espécies ameaçadas 22, Brasília, 2012, pp. 72–81
- ↑ a b c d Stefano Mattioli: Family Cervidae (Deer). In: Don E. Wilson and Russell A. Mittermeier (eds.): Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Volume 2: Hoofed Mammals. Lynx Edicions, 2011, ISBN 978-84-96553-77-4 , p. 442
- ↑ Susana González, Jesús E. Maldonado, Jorge Ortega, Angela Cristina Talarico, Leticia Bidegaray-Batista, José Eduardo Garcia and José Maurício Barbanti Duarte: Identification of the endangered small red brocket deer (Mazama bororo) using noninvasive genetic techniques (Mammalia; Cervidae ). Molecular Ecology Resources 9, 2009, pp. 754-758
- ↑ a b José Maurício Barbanti Duarte, Alexandre Vogliotti, Eveline dos Santos Zanetti, Márcio Leite de Oliveira, Liliani Marilia Tiepolo, Lilian Figueiredo Rodrigues and Lilian Bonjorne de Almeida: Avaliação do Risco de Extinção do Veado-mateiro-bororo Dueno Mazama, 1996 , no Brasil. Biodiversidade Brasileira 2 (3), 2012, pp. 42–49
- ↑ Manuel Weber and Susana González: Latin American deer diversity and conservation: A review of status and distribution. Écoscience 10 (4), 2003, pp. 443-454
- ↑ a b Nicola S. Heckeberg, Dirk Erpenbeck, Gert Wörheide and Gertrude E. Rössner: Systematic relationships of five newly sequenced cervid species. PeerJ 4, 2016, p. E2307 doi: 10.7717 / peerj.2307
- ↑ Clément Gilbert, Anne Ropiquet and Alexandre Hassanin: Mitochondrial and nuclear phylogenies of Cervidae (Mammalia, Ruminantia): Systematics, morphology, and biogeography. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 40, 2006, pp 101-117
- ^ A b José Maurício Barbanti Duarte, Susana González and Jesus E. Maldonado: The surprising evolutionary history of South American deer. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 49, 2008, pp. 17-22
- ↑ Eliécer E. Gutiérrez, Jesús E. Maldonado, Aleksandar Radosavljevic, Jesús Molinari, Bruce D. Patterson, Juan M. Martínez-C., Amy R. Rutter, Melissa TR Hawkins, Franger J. Garcia and Kristofer M. Helgen: The Taxonomic Status of Mazama bricenii and the Significance of the Táchira Depression for Mammalian Endemism in the Cordillera de Mérida, Venezuela. PLoS ONE 10 (6), 2015, p. E0129113 doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0129113
- ↑ Eliécer E. Gutiérrez, Kristofer M. Helgen, Molly M. McDonough, Franziska Bauer, Melissa TR Hawkins, Luis A. Escobedo-Morales, Bruce D. Patterson and Jesús E. Maldonado: A gene-tree test of the traditional taxonomy of American deer: the importance of voucher specimens, geographic data, and dense sampling. ZooKeys 697, 2017, pp. 87-131
- ↑ VV Abril, EAEC Carnelossi, S. González and JMB Duarte: Elucidating the Evolution of the Red Brocket Deer Mazama americana Complex (Artiodactyla, Cervidae). Cytogenetic and Genome Research 128, 2010, pp. 177-187
- ↑ A. Vogliotti, ML Oliveira and JMB Duarte: Mazama bororo. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. e.T41023A22155086 ( [1] ); last accessed on January 25, 2019
Web links
- Mazama bororo in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2016 Posted by: A. Vogliotti, ML Oliveira & JMB Duarte, 2015. Retrieved on January 25 of 2019.