Carnival in Barranquilla
The Carnival in Barranquilla (Spanish: Carnaval de Barranquilla ) is one of the largest festivals in Barranquilla and one of the largest events worldwide. The carnival takes place annually in February or March from the Saturday before Lent to Ash Wednesday and is attended by over a million people. The carnival is associated with numerous other festivals such as the verbenas (the summer night festivals) and other festivals in the annual cycle.
The Carnival in Barranquilla shows the folk culture and customs of the Colombian Caribbean coast and regional folklore, which are expressed in music and dance. The famous saying came from the journalist Marcos Pérez Caicedo (born October 20, 1921 , Calemar , Bolívar , Colombia , † July 4, 1997 in Miami , Florida , USA ):
"¡ Se murió Pindanga, qué luto ni qué carajo, que viva el carnaval !".
- Pindanga is dead, what a grief, damn it, long live the carnival! "
Because of its diversity and great cultural importance, the Carnival in Barranquilla is part of the “Patrimonio Cultural de la Nación” (National Cultural Heritage). The Colombian National Congress declared the Carnival in Barranquilla on November 26th 2001 to be the "Obra Maestra del Patrimonio Oral e Intangible de la Humanidad" (Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity) and in 2008 it was included in the UNESCO Representative List of Intangible Cultural Heritage Entered humanity .
history
Origin and development
The carnival was born from a fusion of pagan festivals and Catholic tradition. Orgiastic debauchery occurs during the Carnival period, until the strict and celibate Lent as a time of fasting and penance follows. During the carnival celebrations, many people in disguise experience a kind of disinhibition.
Typical Colombian motifs are typefaces of African slaves, stubborn heads, mentally disturbed people, muñecotas (oversized dolls made of paper mache), superheroes, mythological figures and images of death.
Animal figures such as bull, tiger and bear are typical of Barranquilla, along with a multitude of others. Many costumes allude to current political and social developments, are glorified satirically, processed in parodies and arouse great expectations in the audience every year.
timeline
- In 1888 the figure of Rey Momo (the name of the Carnival King in Latin America) was invented as a male counterpart to the Carnival Queen (Spanish: Reina del Carnaval ).
- In 1903 the Batalla de Flores (Spanish: battle of flowers) was created to celebrate the end of the 1000-day war in Colombia.
- In 1918 the Carnival Queen was elected to the Carnival presidency for the first time. The first queen was Alicia Lafaurie Roncallo.
- In 1923 the election of the queen was permanently included in the program. (This was suspended again after the start in 1918.)
- In 1967 the Gran Parada was introduced, the parade of folk dancer groups on the second day of Carnival.
- In 1969 the Festival de Orquestas was added: a competition between music groups, the winner of which is awarded the Congo de Oro (Golden Congo) (named after the Congo, an Afro-American dance).
- In 1974, at the instigation of Esthercita Forero, a singer and composer from Barranquilla, the guacherna was revived, a forgotten tradition of the street carnival, which is held in the districts with street parades , cumbiambas ( cumbia dances) and drum music.
- In 2001 the Colombian Parliament declared the Carnival in Barranquilla a "National Cultural Heritage".
- In 2003, UNESCO awarded the Barranquilla Carnival the title “ Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity ”.
- In 2008, the Barranquilla Carnival was awarded the status of “Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity” by UNESCO.
program
During the Carnival holidays, the city is visited by a large number of tourists from all over the world who, together with the Barranquilleros (the inhabitants of Barranquillas), indulge in dancing, drinking alcohol and collective intoxication. The beginning of the carnival and the new season is heralded by the opening ceremony ( Precarnavales ) noisily with fireworks and horns. This is followed by the Lectura del Bando , the symbolic taking of the city ( Toma de la Ciudad ), the coronation of the queen ( Coronación de la Reina ), children's carnival ( Carnaval de los Niños ), La Guacherna and other activities.
The carnival officially begins on Carnival Saturday ( Sábado de Carnaval ) with the Batalla de Flores as the central event. The Batalla de Flores is a street parade on floats that is led by the Carnival Queen and is joined by numerous folk dance groups. The Batalla de Flores follows a set road pattern.
Carnival Sunday ( Domingo de Carnaval ) has its starting point just like the Batalla de Flores and has the Gran Parada de Tradición with traditional dance groups as its content.
The Festival de Orquestas takes place on Rose Monday and lasts until the early morning on Tuesday.
The end of the festivities on Carnival Tuesday is marked by the ritual burial of Joselito (Spanish: Little José), a figure who embodies the Barranquilla Carnival. In many parts of the city, the carnival is symbolically buried with the Joselito. The “drunken carnival” ( Carnaval enguayabado ) is literally buried in order to arise again next year. On the last night of Carnival, satirical and parodic verses are quoted in the Barrio Abajo district and in the Plaza de la Paz in the so-called Encuentro de Letanías (Meeting of the Litanies). Lent then begins on Ash Wednesday.
Folkloric dance groups
Litanies, disguises, dance and folk dance groups are important components of the Barranquilla Carnival. During the carnival are celebrated dances typical dances of the Colombian Caribbean coast: cumbia , Afro-Colombian dances like Puya, Jalao, Chande, Porro, bullerengue, El Pajarito (span .: The little bird), mapalé , Merecumbé, guaracha , also vallenato , salsa and merengue . The prevailing rhythm is the cumbia, in which the woman is stylized as a “seductress” and the man as a “gallant conqueror”. In Afro-Colombian music such as the Mapalé, the movements of a fish are imitated, man and woman touch rhythmically on the abdomen and simulate the sexual act.
Congo dance groups (Danzas de Congo)
- El Torito (Spanish: The Little Bull) (founded by Elías Fontalvo in 1878)
- Congo Reformado
- El Toro Grande (Spanish: the great bull)
- El Congo Grande (founded by Joaquín Brache in 1876)
Cumbiamba dance groups
- La Arenosa
- Cumbiamba la Revoltosa
- El Gallo Giro
- La Candela Viva
- La Pollera Colorá
- La Misma Vaina
- Cumbión de Oro
- La Sabrosa
- El Cañonazo
- Cumbiamba del Carajo
- Cumbiamba Las Cayenas
- La Momposina
Danzas de Relacion
- Los Coyongos
- El Paloteo
- Las Farotas de Talagua
- El Gusano
- Las Pilanderas
- Los Enanos
- Los Gallinazos
Danzas de Garabato
- Garabato Unilibre
- Danza del Garabato
- El Cipote Garabato
- El Garabato del Norte
Comparsas
- El Sabor de la Tradición
- Son Caribe
- Pasión Latina
- Ekobios
- Herencia Currambera
- Comparsa Klama
- Los Auténticos Monocucos de Las Nieves
- De Cuanta Vaina
- Torito en Carnaval
- Disfrázate como quieras
- Las Negritas Puloyes de Montecristo
- Afrocaribe
- Son de Mar
- Caribe en Carnaval
- Afrokings
- Monocucos de ANEIAP
- Rumbón Normalista
- Las Marimondas del Barrio Abajo
- La Rebelión de las Marimondas
- Rumberos Caribeños
- Fundacion Cipote Marimonda
In addition to the named dance groups, a number of well-known artists perform during the Barranquilla Carnival, including Antonio María Peñaloza, the composer of the carnival hymn Te olvidé ( I forgot you ), Joe Arroyo , Juan Piña, Pacho Galán, Adolfo Echeverría, Alfredo Gutiérrez, El Gran Combo de Puerto Rico , Richie Ray , Bobby Cruz , Daddy Yankee , Don Omar , Wilfrido Vargas , Checo Acosta, Juan Luis Guerra , Gilberto Santa Rosa , Rubén Blades and many others.
Figures and disguises
The Barranquilla Carnival is also characterized by the variety of traditional disguises and costumes. The most famous of the African or Caribbean disguises is the jester Marimonda (also called pea pea ). The traditional costumes of the Barranquilla Carnival also include the Garabato , the Congo and the Monocuco ; the latter is of European origin. Other costumes reflect comedic or horror characters.
Carnival figures
Typical carnival figures are:
- La Reina de Carnaval (the Carnival Queen)
- Rey Momo
- Reina Popular (Spanish: popular queen / queen of the people)
- La Loca (Spanish: the crazy one)
- La Reina Gay (Spanish: The Queen of Homosexuals)
- La negrita Puloy (Spanish: The Puloy)
- El Descabezado (Spanish: the beheaded)
- El Africano (Spanish: The African)
- María Moñitos (a seductively portrayed woman from a fishing village on the Rio Magdalena )
- Drácula
- Los Cabezones and many others.
Carnival queens
- Ana María Donado (1980)
- Silvana González Martelo (1981)
- Mireya Caballero (1982)
- Astrid Buelvas Celín (1983)
- Flavia Santoro (1984)
- Luz Marina Atehortúa (1985)
- Silvia Tcherassi (1986)
- Maribel Fernández De Castro (1987)
- Margarita Gerlein (1988)
- Laura Char (1989)
- María José Vengoechea Devis (1990)
- Liliana Gerlein Villa (1991)
- Brigitte Abuchaibe (1992)
- Claudia Dangond Lacouture (1993)
- Danitza Abuchaibe Costa (1994)
- Katia Nule Marino (1995)
- María Cecilia Donado García (1996)
- María Alicia Gerlein Arana (1997)
- Liliana Hoyos Sánchez (1998)
- Julia Carolina de la Rosa Valiente (1999)
- Claudia Patricia Guzmán Certain (2000)
- Ilse Margarita Cuello Gieseken (2001)
- María Gabriela Diago García (2002)
- Margarita Lora Gerlein (2003)
- Olga Lucía Rodríguez Pérez (2004)
- Kathy Flesch Guinovart (2005)
- María Isabel Dávila Clavijo (2006)
- Daniella Donado Visbal (2007)
- Angie De la Cruz Yepes (2008)
- Marianna Schlegel Donado (2009)
- Giselle Marie Lacouture Paccini (2010)
- Marcela Dávila Marquez (2011)
- Andrea Jaramillo Char (2012)
- Daniela Cepeda Tarud (2013)
- María Margarita Diazgranados (2014)
Notes and individual references
- ↑ http://www.buenastareas.com/ensayos/El-Carnaval-De-Barranquilla/448660.html
- ↑ in Colombia the devil
- ↑ Carnival of Barranquilla - Inscribed in 2008 , accessed March 1, 2014.
- ↑ ANEIAP is the Asociación Nacional de Estudiantes de Ingenieria Industrial Administrativa y de Producción , the national association of engineering students.
- ↑ Cincuenta años de Te olvidé (50 Years of Te olvidé ), accessed on March 1, 2014.
- ^ María Moñitos