Khapra beetle
| Khapra beetle | ||||||||||||
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Khapra beetle ( Trogoderma granarium ) |
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| Trogoderma granarium | ||||||||||||
| ( Everts , 1898) |
The khapra beetle ( Trogoderma granarium ) is a species of beetle from the family of the bacon beetles (Dermestidae). It is one of the world's most feared stored product pests and is one of the 100 most dangerous invasive species .
description
Adult khapra beetles are elongated oval beetles that are around 1.6 to 3.0 mm long and 0.9 to 1.7 mm wide. The males are brown to black with indistinct reddish-brown markings on the elytra . Females are slightly larger and lighter in color. The head is small with short, 11-segmented Antennae wherein the sensor lobe constitutes, three to five segments. The adults are covered with hair. The uniformly yellowish white larvae hatch with a length of about 1.6 to 1.8 mm, their head and body hair are brown. With increasing size, they turn gold to reddish brown. The cylindrical, 0.7 × 0.25 mm eggs have a rounded and a pointed end, are milky white and turn pale yellow over time.
distribution
The original range is not known for sure, the species may originally come from India. The actual area of distribution is difficult to determine because an occurrence in a country can result in trade restrictions. The endemic circulation area extends from Burma as far as West Africa and to the north by the 35th northern latitude limited and south through the 35th southern latitude. The khapra beetle occurs primarily in regions near the equator with dry and hot climates, but populations should be able to survive in almost any country with closed storage facilities. Despite the wings, the beetles do not fly. It was introduced through trade in some areas with appropriate climatic conditions. Except in South America, it is now found on all continents on which grain and grain products are stored. It is said not to occur in Australia, but has since been eradicated in New Zealand.
Way of life
The larvae develop at temperatures above 21 ° C. A low relative humidity of 2% is sufficient for development . In contrast, high relative humidity can be a limiting factor for the survival of introduced khapra beetles. The larvae prefer to feed on wheat, barley and rice, but were also found in oats, rye, corn, dried blood, dried milk, fish meal, peanuts, flour, bran, malt, flax and other seeds, beans, straw, hay, noodles, Found dried fruits, coconuts, chickpeas, lentils, nuts, spices, yeast powder, and much more. Adult animals eat very little.
Economical meaning
Trogoderma granarium is a major pest of products stored in warm and dry conditions. Reproduction can occur so quickly that larvae are found in large numbers in the surface layers of stored grain. The pest appears to be relatively tolerant of insecticides and many fumigants , especially in the larval stage. In addition, the beetles tend to crawl into tiny cracks and crevices and stay there for a long time, which means they can withstand many surface insecticides and fumigants. Since this beetle has never been observed to fly, its distribution is likely dependent on transport in infested goods. The discovery in a previously uninfected area usually leads to an immediate quarantine of suspicious goods and to an expensive effort for extermination and control.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Jenan Mohammed Ubaid, Mohammed Yahya Hadi, Imad Hadi Hameed: Bioactive Chemical Compounds Identified in Methanolic Extract of Trogoderma granarium. In: Research J. Pharm. And Tech. , 2017, 10 (11), p 3997-4004. ( Online )
- ↑ a b c d e f D. L. Harris: Trogoderma granarium Everts (Insecta: Coleoptera: Dermestidae). In: DPI Entomology Circular 262, 2006/2018. ( Online )
- ↑ a b The Invasive Species Compendium (ISC): Trogoderma granarium (khapra beetle) ( Online )
- ↑ a b c International Standard for Plant Protection Measures (ISPM): ISPM 27 Diagnostic protocols for regulated pests. Trogoderma granarium Everts DP 3: 2012 ( Online )
