Great forest gardener
| Great forest gardener | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Great forest gardener ( Tomicus piniperda ) |
||||||||||||
| Systematics | ||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||
| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Tomicus piniperda | ||||||||||||
| ( Linnaeus , 1758) |
The great forest gardener ( Tomicus piniperda ) is a weevil from the subfamily of the bark beetle (Scolytinae). Since it creates its breeding systems in the bark of the host trees, it is counted among the bark breeders.
features
The beetles are 3.5 to 4.8 millimeters long and have a black-brown, cylindrical body, slightly widened at the back, shiny, not very hairy. The head is visible from above, the pronotum is similarly dotted, wider than it is long and narrowed in front. The front edge is straight, not indented. The basal edge of the elytra is bent up with cusps and interrupted in the middle by the label . The wing covers have rows of points. The spaces between the rows of dots have widely spaced bristles. The second gap at the fall is without a row of granules (dummy furrow). The members of the elongated antennae are not separated, the antennae whip is six-membered. The eyes are not kidney-shaped. The front hips are close together.
distribution
The species is common in Europe . The animals are often found near wood storage areas, especially if the wood has been lying for a long time.
Way of life
Tomicus piniperda occurs on pines ( Pinus ), more rarely on Norway spruce ( Picea abies ), Siberian spruce ( Picea obovata ) and European larch ( Larix decidua ). It colonizes the bark of the trees. As early birds, the beetles are already active at low temperatures (from 9 ° C). The male beetle can stridulate . To attract the sexual partner , the pheromones trans -beneol and 2-pinene-4-one are sent out.
The larvae feed in the bast and bark tissue almost exclusively in freshly felled or dying trunks, so it is extremely secondary. After the breeding business has ended, the adult beetles penetrate the one-, two-, and less often three-year-old shoots of the jaws from mid-May for regeneration feeding, the young beetles from August for ripening feeding .
Feeding picture
To lay eggs, one-armed, slightly curved longitudinal passages of about ten centimeters in length are created, which at the beginning are widened like a bunker , have several air holes, run almost entirely in the bast and only slightly furrow the sapwood . In lying trunks, the initial part is usually curved downwards like a cane if they have been attacked after felling. The mother tunnels are almost always lined with a fine resin crust , boreholes with small, yellow resin funnels in cracks in the bark. The number of eggs per mother duct can reach 50 to 80 or more. The larval ducts are densely packed and long. The dolls' cradles are placed in the bark, so they are not visible on the inside of the bark. The shoots hollowed out during ripening and regeneration have a bored hole with a resin funnel towards the base of the shoot. They are hollowed out to the borehole. The beetles change the feeding point several times. The hollowed shoots remain green, but usually break off during the autumn winds and storms and then conspicuously cover the ground.
Generations and wintering
The animals are monogamous . There is only one generation a year. Sometimes the regenerated adult beetles move to a second (sibling brood) eight to ten weeks after the first egg-laying, whereby 35 to 40 eggs can be laid per female. In November and December, the beetles leave the shoots and drill at the base of the trunk of older pines that are about five centimeters long and 2.5 mm wide, about five centimeters long and 2.5 mm wide, which are often used again in later winters. At the drill holes you can find drill dust, resin crumbs and resin funnels. Occasionally the wintering takes place in the litter .
Harmful effect
The broken branches can cause great damage, especially after needle loss due to caterpillar feeding by caterpillars such as pine moth , pine moth , pine hawk and sawfly larvae such as pine bush horned sawfly. Loss of growth up to signs of death occur. Heavily infested tree tops look like they have been pruned, hence the name "forest gardener".
Systematics
Synonyms
The following synonyms are known from the literature for Tomicus piniperda :
- Dermestes piniperda Linnaeus 1758 [species]
- Hylurgus analogus LeConte 1868
- Blastophagus major Eggers 1943
- Blastophagus piniperda Linnaeus 1758
- Bostrichus testaceus Fabricius 1787
swell
Individual evidence
- ↑ Tomicus piniperda (Linné 1758). Fauna Europaea, Version 1.3, April 19, 2007 , accessed on September 19, 2008 .
literature
- Fritz Schwerdtfeger : Forest diseases . Paul Parey, Hamburg and Berlin 1981, ISBN 3-490-09116-7
- Sabine Grüne : Handbook for the determination of the European bark beetles . M. & H. Schaper Verlag, Hannover 1979, ISBN 3-7944-0103-4
- Edmund Reitter : Fauna Germanica - The beetles of the German Empire . Volume 5, KG Lutz, Stuttgart 1916
- Edmund Reitter: Fauna Germanica - The beetles of the German Empire . 5 volumes, Stuttgart KG Lutz 1908–1916, digital library volume 134, Directmedia Publishing GmbH, Berlin 2006, ISBN 3-89853-534-7
