classroom
The classroom , south German classroom or the classroom is a room in a school in which lessons take place.
General
There are classrooms
-
- which are assigned to a class
- z. B. in elementary schools. In many Montessori schools, a class at the beginning of the school year designs its class according to ideas developed in the class with the help of the parents. Walls are painted, additional furniture is put up (shelves, sofas). Other possibilities are: flowers, curtains, window paintings ... This suggestion was taken up by some schools.
- assigned to teachers
- A teacher teaches in his classroom (if possible with an adjoining teaching material room ) and arranges the classroom according to his own requirements ( teacher room system ).
- the subjects are assigned
- Each room in the school is assigned to a specific subject. The advantage lies in the storage of teaching media close to the learning location: Maps for geography, playback devices for foreign language lessons, room models for mathematics, Bunsen burners for chemistry lessons, etc.
In addition, every school has so-called specialist rooms for which it is not advisable to switch the teaching materials between the rooms (e.g. natural sciences, music, IT applications). These have adjoining teaching material rooms that are designed from a technical point of view (see: preparatory environment at Montessori). In many schools, the classrooms are also rented out to other user groups (e.g. adult education centers) by the municipal school authority outside of teaching hours.
The size and equipment of classrooms vary greatly depending on the age of the building. For new buildings (in Germany) there are usually national regulations (model room program) in which the applicable regulations are summarized. Since the benches and tables are often made of wood, several generations of students have often painted, scribbled or carved these objects.
Historical notes
Several pedagogical elements were taken over from the youth movement in the state school, which changed at the beginning of the 20th century. With regard to the classroom, which was sometimes perceived by the students as a “faceless teaching cell”, changes to the aesthetics and furnishings were often made, reflecting the new way of life and learning. Pestalozzi can be cited here with the catchphrase “school living room”, which he used to describe the new face of some classrooms.
At the beginning of the 20th century, classrooms were furnished with benches anchored in the floor and a podium with the catheter . This ruled out any form of teaching other than a teacher's lecture.
At the end of the 20th century, single work tables with chairs predominated in classroom furnishings so that any arrangement could be made at any time. In this way, very different forms of teaching can be implemented (even when changing teachers). New materials have also established themselves in panel construction. In particular, social developments have had an impact on the design of the school room. At the moment, the focus is on designing the classroom to encourage learning and preventive measures. Classrooms are becoming more of an apron (oval seating arrangement). Soundproofing, the right colors and floor coverings have a positive effect on teaching. Above all, active boards give the teaching staff new options for structuring lessons.
Advertising of any kind is prohibited in the classrooms. In the so-called crucifix resolution , the Federal Constitutional Court in 1995 repealed parts of the Bavarian elementary school regulations for constitutional reasons, which required a crucifix or at least a cross to be placed in every classroom of elementary schools. The neutrality of the state forbids placing religious symbols in the class that could offend children with other beliefs ( BVerfGE 93, 1).
Noise and room acoustics
Current research shows that noise and poor room acoustics greatly impede learning and teaching. Today we know how classrooms have to be designed so that the acoustic conditions are optimal for students and teachers. DIN 18041, audibility in small and medium-sized rooms, contains information on how much noise is maximum permissible and how much sound-absorbing surfaces must be present in the room in order to bring the reverberation time to the optimal value of 0.4-0.6 seconds. In many cases, however, these values are not achieved.
Even moderate classroom noises (64 dB) also have a negative influence on creativity in children with certain characteristics. Younger children (between 5 and 8 years of age) are particularly affected: they have fewer ideas and less original ideas in the presence of noise. Children with good attention control skills are protected from the effects of noise.
Temperature and air quality
Classrooms place high demands on the technical infrastructure. The large number of people in a relatively small area allows the room temperature to rise quickly and the indoor air quality to drop quickly. These changes make students less able to learn. According to general requirements, a room temperature of 21 ° C should prevail at the beginning of the lesson. If people enter the room and light is also required, the temperature rises quickly. However, the greatest efficiency was determined for the range from 21 to 22 ° C, which makes it necessary to ventilate during the class (also in the heating season). The increasing carbon dioxide concentration in the room air also lowers performance. The remedy is mechanical ventilation.
Interior
The design of walls, ceilings and floors has psychophysiological effects: in a comparative study by the Joanneum Institute at an Austrian school, there was a clear stress-reducing , u. a. the heart rate lowering effect on those students who were taught in wood-paneled classrooms . Likewise, the social stress felt by the students by the students decreased. When lighting, care should be taken to ensure that there is no glare; for the lighting, a rather short burning time is to be expected (e.g. primary schools only approx. 500 hours per year), which makes it difficult to amortize higher technology.
Educational suitability of the rooms
Pedagogical reasons (e.g. the teacher has to keep an eye on the class at all times) still complicate the layout of classrooms
- a division into different learning groups, these hinder each other
- a facility of several permanent or temporary work areas.
One-sided 'head learning' is therefore strongly preferred. A change of work forms, e.g. B. group lessons, for a meeting in the class council or a role play, is therefore difficult for reasons of space. There is no space for students to move around.
- Aprendarium
The aprendarium, a new design of the classroom with an oval orientation, now enables the teacher to see the class at all times. The cooperation of the class community (all students can see each other) is optimized. It is not necessary to speak to the students loudly, as the oval seating arrangement automatically improves acoustic understanding. The language lessons and any children with auditory disorders benefit from this in particular. In particular, learning German for non-native speakers is made easier by the oval seating arrangement. The aprendarium also has lighting that encourages learning (trulight). The floor covering is sound-neutral up to 17 dB. Through the synergetic arrangement of the furniture and the active board, the teachers and the students experience a new time management. The net teaching time increases by 5–10 minutes. The scientific supervision of the aprendarium is carried out by the University of Osnabrück.
Others
Other rooms within the school building are the auditorium , teachers' room , the school library or the student café.
literature
- Thomas Müller, Romana Schneider: The classroom from the end of the 19th century until today. The classroom from the late 19th century until the present day. Ed .: VS Vereinigte Spezialmöbelfabriken GmbH & Co. KG Tauberbischofsheim . Accompanying volume for the permanent exhibition: The classroom: School furniture in the 20th century in Tauberbischofsheim. In German and in English. Tübingen / Berlin 2010, ISBN 978-3-8030-3348-2 .
- Thomas Müller, Romana Schneider: The classroom - school furniture in the 20th century. Munich and New York 1998, ISBN 3-7913-1890-X .
- Literary mention is made of the classroom as in Erich Kastner's novel " The Flying Classroom ".
Web links
Individual evidence
- ^ Ehrenhardt Skiera: Reformed Education in Past and Present. A critical introduction. Hanover: Oldenbourg
- ↑ BVerfGE 93, 1 - Crucifix . servat.unibe.ch. Retrieved June 11, 2019.
- ↑ Jessica Massonnié, Cathy Jane Rogers, Denis Mareschal, Natasha Z. Kirkham: Is Classroom Noise Always Bad for Children? The Contribution of Age and Selective Attention to Creative Performance in Noise . In: Frontiers in Psychology . tape 10 , February 26, 2019, ISSN 1664-1078 , doi : 10.3389 / fpsyg.2019.00381 , PMID 30863348 , PMC 6399383 (free full text) - ( frontiersin.org [accessed July 19, 2019]).
- ↑ http://www.boku.ac.at/met/report/BOKU-Met_Report_06_online.pdf , accessed on January 28, 2012
- ↑ http://kunden.wvnet.at/energieagentur/pdfs/Gute%20Luft%20macht%20Schule%2011-01-13.pdf , accessed on January 28, 2012
- ↑ http://www.hamburg.de/contentblob/1016502/data/lueften-von-klassenraeumen.pdf , accessed on January 28, 2012
- ^ Learning in the "wood class" makes you healthy , ORF , December 21, 2009.
- ↑ School without stress ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , www.joanneum.at, accessed on August 12, 2011.
- ↑ Light for classrooms
- ↑ Archived copy ( memento of the original from July 8, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Christoph Gröschel: LuPS e. V. (No longer available online.) Learning-promoting and preventive school design e. V., 2009, archived from the original on May 6, 2011 ; Retrieved December 25, 2009 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ http://www.vs.de/de/presse/rund-um-vs/vs-schulmuseum/
- ↑ DNB 1006751556
- ↑ DNB 953526070
