Toad frogs
| Toad frogs | ||||||||||||
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Knife foot ( Pelobates cultripes ) |
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| Systematics | ||||||||||||
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Pelobatoidea | ||||||||||||
| Stannius , 1856 |
The toad frogs (Pelobatoidea; formerly: Pelobatidae) are a very primitive superfamily of the frogs (Anura), whose representatives often have a toad-like shape but a frog-like, pointed visual field (named). Phylogenetically they are, inter alia, between the toads and Scheibenzünglern (the Archaeobatrachia ) on one side and the "higher anurans" (ie, the Neobatrachia as: Real toads , Laubfrösche , True frogs ) on the other hand driven and are therefore - especially after characteristics of bone structure - in the subordination Mesobatrachia posed.
Worldwide there are a little more than 200 toad frog species in 10 genera and two families. The distribution extends over Europe, northwest Africa and the Middle East (family Pelobatidae ) as well as Southeast Asia (family Megophryidae ). The sister group of the toad frogs, the superfamily Pelodytoidea , consists of the families American spadefoot toads and mud divers with a total of ten species in three genera.
The pupil, which is vertically slit in daylight, is noticeable. The tongue is thick, circular and almost completely fused with the floor of the mouth. When mating, the male clasps the female in the lumbar region, i.e. immediately in front of the hind legs ( inguinal amplexus ).
Taxonomy down to the genus level
(In addition, individual species are listed as a selection)
Superfamily Pelobatoidea :
As of January 4, 2017
- Family Megophryidae Bonaparte, 1850 - Asiatic toad frogs
- Genus Leptobrachella Smith, 1925
- Genus Leptobrachium Tschudi, 1838
- Genus Leptolalax Dubois, 1980 (synonymized with Leptobrachella )
- Genus Megophrys Kuhl & Hasselt, 1822 Black Toad Frogs
- Elbow toad frog ( Megophrys nasuta Schlegel, 1858)
- Genus Oreolalax Myers & Leviton, 1962
- Genus Scutiger Theobald, 1868
The genus Vibrissaphora Liu, 1945 was added to Leptobrachium in 2008 . The genera Atympanophrys and Xenophrys Günther, 1864 were incorporated into the genus Megophrys in 2006 , but were again listed as independent taxa from 2016. In 2017, the two taxa were recognized at least as a subgenus of Megophrys , as was Ophryophryne Boulenger, 1903, Brachytarsophrys Tian & Hu, 1983 and Pelobatrachus . The genus Borneophrys Delorme, Dubois, Grosjean & Ohler, 2006 was incorporated into the genus Megophrys in 2016 .
- Family Pelobatidae Bonaparte, 1850 - European spadefoot toads
- Genus Pelobates Wagler, 1830 - European paddock toads
- Species Pelobates cultripes (Cuvier, 1829) - Knife foot
- Species Pelobates fuscus (Laurenti, 1768) - Common toad
- Species Pelobates syriacus Boettger, 1889 - Syrian spoon toad
- Art Pelobates varaldii Pasteur & Bons, 1959 - Moroccan knife base
- Genus Pelobates Wagler, 1830 - European paddock toads
Individual evidence
- ↑ Darrel R. Frost: Megophryidae Bonaparte, 1850 ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . In: Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference . Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History, New York 1998-2017, accessed January 3, 2018
- ↑ a b J.-M. Chen, W.-w. Zhou, NA Poyarkov, Jr., BL Stuart, RM Brown, A. Lathrop, Y. Wang, Z.-y. Yuan, K. Jiang, M. Hou, H.-m. Chen, C, Suwannapoom, SN Nguyen, TV Duong, TJ Papenfuss, RW Murphy, Y.-p. Zhang & J. Che: A novel multilocus phylogenetic estimation reveals unrecognized diversity in Asian horned toads, genus Megophrys sensu lato (Anura: Megophryidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 106, pp. 28-43, 2016
- ^ S. Mahony, NM Foley, SD Biju, and EC Teeling: Evolutionary history of the Asian Horned Frogs (Megophryinae): Integrative approaches to zeitree dating in the absence of a fossil record. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 34, pp. 744-771, 2017
literature
- Axel Kwet & Andreas Nöllert: The garlic toad - from Rösel von Rosenhof to the Froschlurch of the year 2007. P. 5–16 in: Andreas Krone (Ed.): The garlic toad (Pelobates fuscus) - distribution, biology, ecology and protection. RANA, special issue 5, Rangsdorf 2008, ISBN 978-3-9810058-6-8 .
- M. García-París, DR Buchholz & G. Parra-Olea: Phylogenetic relationship of Pelobatoidea re-examined using mtDNA . Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 28, pp. 12-23, 2003.
Web links
- Darrel R. Frost: Megophryidae Bonaparte, 1850 . In: Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference . Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History, New York 1998-2017, accessed January 3, 2018
- Darrel R. Frost: Pelobatidae Bonaparte, 1850 . In: Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference . Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History, New York 1998-2017, accessed January 3, 2018