Lviv dialect

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The Lviv dialect ( Polish: gwara lwowska ; Ukrainian : Львівська ґвара) is a local variety of the Polish language and characteristic of the inhabitants of the former Polish city of Lviv (Polish: Lwów , Ukrainian: Львів ), which has belonged to Ukraine since the end of World War II . Before 1945 the city was a Polish- language island in a predominantly Ukrainian environment.

features

The dialect is based on a substrate of the Lesser Poland dialect group and was heavily influenced by mostly lexical borrowings from other Central European languages, mainly from the German and Yiddish languages, but also from the Czech , Ukrainian and Hungarian languages . This makes it subjectively similar to the Viennese dialect . For example, the typical Lviv expression Batiar ( something like " rascal ") is a copy of the Hungarian word Betyar . The dialect is one of the two main sources of “Galicisms” in the literature of the standard Polish language. Some words of the dialect found their way into the vocabulary of the modern Polish language. Numerous other words were taken from other regional and social language variants of Polish, especially the crook dialect Grypsera . Some of these dialect features were carried over from the modern Ukrainian language in what is now Lviv.

Special features of the dialect

One of the peculiarities of the nationally known Lviv dialect was its popularity throughout Poland. In contrast to many other dialects of the Polish language , it was not viewed by its speakers as inferior to the Polish literary language and was not interpreted as a symbol of modest origin. Because of this, the dialect was used by both the common people and university professors. The dialect was also one of the first Polish dialects to be thoroughly classified and for which a dictionary was published. The most famous form of the Lviv dialect was Bałak , a sociolect of the bourgeoisie, but also of street hooligans and young people.

history

The Lviv dialect originated in the 19th century. Since Lemberg was the Austro-Hungarian administrative center of Galicia until 1918 , the dialect was influenced not only by Austrians but also by the numerous officials from Prague and Budapest . The dialect gained wide recognition in the 1920s and 1930s, due in part to the nationwide popularity of numerous artists and comedians who used the dialect. In addition to Marian Hemar, they also included radio comedians Kazimierz Wajda alias Szczepcio and Henryk Vogelfänger alias Tońcio . The last two named were the authors of the popular program Wesoła lwowska fala ("The Funny Lviv Wave"), which was broadcast weekly from 1933 to 1939 by Polskie Radio all over Poland.

In 1939 the city of Lwów and the surrounding Kresy region became part of the Soviet Union . In the turbulent decade that followed, the structure of the pre-war population changed dramatically. Most of the Polish population was expelled from 1945-1946. The current language of the Polish minority in Lviv still resembles the dialect from pre-war times. The dialect is also still cultivated in emigrant circles. Thanks to numerous artists and writers such as Witold Szolginia , Adam Hollanek , Marian Hemar and Jerzy Janicki, not only part of the Lviv popular culture was preserved in post-war Poland, but also parts of the language used by many important personalities who lived in Lviv before the war are born, are sustained. Speakers of the Lviv dialect can be found mainly in cities such as Breslau and Bytom , where the majority of expelled Lviv residents settled.

The Lviv dialect in its original pre-war form survived in two sound films with Szczepcio and Tońcio: Będzie lepiej (“It will get better” from 1936) and Włóczęgi (“The Vagabonds” from 1939).

Web links

  • Polski - Gwara lwowska Wikisłownik with a selection of Lembergian words (Lembergian, Polish, partly also in German)

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Zofia Kurzowa: Polszczyzna Lwowa i Kresów południowo-Wschodnich do 1939 Publisher: Szpiczakowska Monika, Skarżyński Mirosław, 439 S., Krakow 2006, ISBN 83-242-0656-6
  2. ↑ Jan Cygan: Studia Neerlandica et Germanica , chapter: On the German element in the Polish dialect of Lwów , pp. 51-66, editor: Stanisław Prędota, University of Breslau , Breslau 1992, ISBN 83-229-0766-4
  3. ↑ Natalka Kosmolinska and Yurko Ohrimenko: Homo leopolensis esse , Ї 36, 2004, accessed on May 21, 2010
  4. ↑ Yuriy Vynnychyk: Лаймося по-львівськи ( memento of the original from February 9, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , accessed May 21, 2010 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / balzatul.multiply.com
  5. ↑ Kazimierz Schleyen and Zygmunt Nowakowski: Lwowskie gawędy , Gryf, London 1967, pp. 119–120
  6. ↑ Witold Szolginia: Batiar i jego Balak , Magazine: Przekrój , Special Edition (wydanie specjalne) , 1991, accessed 21 May 2010
  7. ^ Henryk Breit: Gwara lwowska , Lemberg 1938
  8. ↑ Urszula Jakubowska: With lwowskiego batiara , Instytut Badań Literackich Polska Akademia Nauk , Warsaw 1998, ISBN 83-87456-12-8
  9. ↑ Mieczyslaw młotek: Gwara Lwowska w pierwszym półwieczu XX wieku , 79 S., Instytut Polski i Muzeum im. gen. Sikorskiego, London 1989, ISBN 0-902508-15-6
  10. ^ Irena Seiffert-Nauka: Dawny dialekt miejski Lwowa: Gramatyka , Acta Universitatis Wratislaviensis, 1/1012, 172 pages, University of Breslau , Breslau 1993, ISBN 83-229-0629-3
  11. ↑ Kazimierz Schleyen and Zygmunt Nowakowski: Lwowskie gawędy , Gryf, London 1967, pp. 18 to 19
  12. ↑ Franciszek Nieckula: Polszczyzna mówiona Wrocławia , p 167, University of Wroclaw , Wroclaw 1990-1992, ISBN 83-229-0381-2