Leptospiraceae
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SEM image of Leptospira interrogans |
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| Hovind-Hougen emend 1979. Levett et al. 2005 |
Leptospiraceae is a family of bacteria in taxonomy . It is one of the spirochetes . Some important pathogens for humans and animals can be found in the genus Leptospira .
features
Appearance
The representatives of the Leptospiraceae are gram-negative , very thin, helical bacteria with a diameter of around 0.1–0.3 μm and a length of 3.5–20 μm. At rest cells have hook-shaped ends. The bacteria are flagellated , for example the genus Leptospira has two endoflagella that are wound around the protoplasmic cylinder and thus enable movement through rotation.
metabolism
These bacteria are chemoorgano-heterotrophic and aerobic . Long-chain fatty acids and fatty alcohols serve as a source of carbon and energy. Amino acids are not used.
Pathogenicity
The genus Leptospira is an important pathogen for many different mammal species and also for humans . The serovar Muenchen of the species Leptospira interrogans and the serovar Bratislav of the same species can trigger leptospirosis in pigs and, among other things. a. Cause abortions . For the Serovar Canicola, dogs are the main hosts . Dogs are also attacked by Icterohaemorrhagiae and by the serovar Grippotyphosa of the species Leptospira kirschneri . In farms, fur animals can e.g. B. be infected with Leptospira through food . Leptospira can also cause disease in humans. Bacteria pathogenic to humans can be found in the species L. interrogans . They cause what is known as leptospirosis . Other species of Leptospira are free-living, e.g. B. the species L. biflexa .
Leptonema illini is considered harmless for humans and is assigned to risk group 1 and consequently belongs to the bacteria "which are unlikely to cause disease in humans" ( § 3 Biological Agents Ordinance ). Leptonema was found in the blood of a healthy bull. The genus Turneriella is also classified as harmless.
Systematics
The Leptospiraceae family is part of the Spirochaetales order , which includes three other families in addition to this family: Brachyspiraceae , Brevinemataceae and Spirochaetaceae . According to new phylogenetic studies from 2013 by Gupta et al. a. It was proposed to the representatives of these spirochete families to raise the families to the rank of an order because of their clear differences (see also the proposal for a modified systematics of the Spirochaetaceae ). This would make the Leptospiraceae the only family in the new order Leptospiriales. Such changes are usually only recognized with the new edition of the important reference work on the phylogenetic systematics of bacteria , Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology .
Within the Leptopsiraceae there are three genera (as of April 2018), Leptospira is the type genus of the family.
- Leptonema Hovind-Hougen 1983
- Leptospira Noguchi emend in 1917 . Faine & Stallman 1982
- Turneriella Levett, et al. 2005
swell
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Noel R. Krieg et al. (Ed.): Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology . 2nd edition, Volume 4: The Bacteroidetes, Spirochaetes, Tenericutes (Mollicutes), Acidobacteria, Fibrobacteres, Fusobacteria, Dictyoglomi, Gemmatimonadetes, Lentisphaerae, Verrucomicrobia, Chlamydiae, and Planctomycetes . Springer, New York 2010, ISBN 978-0-387-95042-6 , pp. 351-358
- ↑ a b Anton Mayr (Ed.): Medical microbiology, infection and epidemic theory . 8th edition. MVS Medizinverlage Stuttgart, 2006, ISBN 978-3-8304-1060-7 , p. 399-403 .
- ↑ a b Werner Köhler : Medical Microbiology . 8th edition. 2001, ISBN 978-3-437-41640-8 , pp. 462-464 .
- ↑ a b TRBA (Technical Rules for Biological Agents) 466: Classification of prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) into risk groups. In: Website of the Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (BAuA). April 2012, accessed April 9, 2014 .
- ^ A b Jean Euzéby, Aidan C. Parte: Family Leptospiraceae. In: List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature ( LPSN ). Retrieved April 1, 2018 .
- ↑ Radhey S. Gupta, Sharmeen Mahmood, Mobolaji Adeolu: A Phylogenomic and Molecular Signature Based Approach for Characterization of the Phylum Spirochaetes and its Major Clades: Proposal for a Taxonomic Revision of the Phylum. In: Frontiers in Microbiology , Volume 4, No. 217, July 29, 2013, ISSN 1664-302X . doi : 10.3389 / fmicb.2013.00217 .
literature
- Noel R. Krieg et al. (Ed.): Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology . 2nd edition, Volume 4: The Bacteroidetes, Spirochaetes, Tenericutes (Mollicutes), Acidobacteria, Fibrobacteres, Fusobacteria, Dictyoglomi, Gemmatimonadetes, Lentisphaerae, Verrucomicrobia, Chlamydiae, and Planctomycetes . Springer, New York 2010, ISBN 978-0-387-95042-6 .
