Privet bark owl
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Privet bark owl ( Craniophora ligustri ) |
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| Craniophora ligustri | ||||||||||||
| ( Denis & Schiffermüller , 1758) |
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The privet bark owl ( Craniophora ligustri ), also privet owl , is a butterfly ( moth ) from the owl butterfly family (Noctuidae).
features
The moths have a wingspan of 36 to 41 mm. There are three color variants. The first color variant has a black basic color with a white bordered ring blemish, a white spot near the forewing apex and white tufts of bristle hair on the thorax and tegulae . The second color variant has an olive-black basic color with a gray spot on the forewing apex, ring flaws outlined in white and white tufts of bristle hair on the thorax and tegulae. The third color variant has an olive-green basic color, with an olive-green spot on the forewing apex and a black-rimmed ring flaw. The inner cross line and the outer cross line are black, wavy and each drawn twice. The indistinctly delineated kidney defect is relatively large and outlined in black; except at the outer white edge. The hind wing is dark gray, becomes a little darker towards the terms and shows indistinct (inner and outer) transverse lines. The discal patch is also poorly developed. The underside of the forewings is dark gray with piebald fringes. The outer transverse line is relatively clearly developed on the undersides of the fore and hind wings.
The egg is light yellow with a brown blotch on top and a white base. It is strongly flattened with a slightly arched edge. The surface is covered with strong longitudinal ribs.
The adult caterpillar tapers slightly towards both the front and the rear end. It is green in color with relatively few, long, vertically protruding bristles. The bristles in the head area point forward. Younger stages are relatively more hairy and usually show four black points on the back, as well as one further black point on the side per segment. The head of the adult caterpillar is greenish, younger stages have two elongated black dots on the top of the head. The back line is relatively fine and whitish. In contrast, the secondary ridge lines are much wider and slightly yellowish. The stigmas are colored black.
The red-brown pupa is relatively stocky with a navel-shaped cremaster that has only a few thorn-like extensions.
Geographical distribution and habitat
The privet bark owl is widespread from Western Europe through Central Europe to the Far East ( Russian Far East , Northern China, Japan, Korea). In the north, the distribution area extends to the south of Scandinavia, the Baltic States and Central Russia (approximately at the height of St. Petersburg to the east) and the Ukraine. On the Iberian Peninsula, however, the species is restricted to the north. In the eastern Mediterranean it reaches northern Greece with smaller isolated occurrences in central Greece and the Peloponnese . In the east the distribution area extends through Asia Minor, Israel and the Caucasus. It is also found in Cyprus.
The animals prefer to live in more humid habitats of mixed forests with ash trees, on forest edges rich in privet and bushes from the plain to the low mountain range; in the Black Forest up to 1200 m.
Way of life
The privet bark owl usually forms two overlapping generations per year, the moths of which fly from May to September. These are nocturnal and fly to artificial light sources.
The caterpillars feed primarily on the leaves of the olive family (Oleaceae), such as. B. Ash ( Fraxinus ), Privet ( Ligustrum ) and Lilac ( Syringa ). However , the caterpillars are also occasionally found on the birch family (Betulaceae), hazelnut family (Corylaceae), horse chestnut family (Hippocastanoideae), oleaginous family (Elaeagnaceae) and Viburnaceae . They also sit freely on the leaves of the food plant during the day.
The caterpillar pupates in a fine, gray-white cocoon. The pupa hibernates.
Danger
The privet bark owl is only threatened with extinction in the city-state of Hamburg; it is classified as endangered in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, as well as in North Rhine-Westphalia. In Saarland it is considered to be potentially endangered. In Lower Saxony, too, it is considered to be endangered if habitat deterioration continues. In the other federal states it is not endangered. The privet bark owl is not listed in the Red List of the Federal Republic of Germany.
swell
literature
- Michael Fibiger, László Ronkay, Axel Steiner & Alberto Zilli: Noctuidae Europaeae Volume 11 Pantheinae, Dilobinae, Acronictinae, Eustrotiinae, Nolinae, Bagisarinae, Acontiinae, Metoponiinae, Heliothinae and Bryophilinae. 504 pp., Entomological Press, Sorø 2009 ISBN 978-87-89430-14-0
- Günter Ebert (Ed.): The butterflies of Baden-Württemberg. Volume 6. Moth IV (Noctuidae 2nd part). Ulmer Verlag Stuttgart 1997, ISBN 3-8001-3482-9 Günter Ebert (Ed.): The butterflies of Baden-Württemberg . 1st edition. tape 6 . Moth IV. Noctuidae 2nd part. Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 1997, ISBN 3-8001-3482-9 .
- Walter Forster , Theodor A. Wohlfahrt : The butterflies of Central Europe. Volume 4: Owls. (Noctuidae). Franckh'sche Verlagshandlung, Stuttgart 1971, ISBN 3-440-03752-5 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Red Lists
- ↑ Fibiger et al. (2009: p. 31f.)
- ↑ ZF Klyuchko, A. Yu. Matov, IG Severov: On the fauna of noctuids (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae sl) of Lugansk Area (Ukraine). Eversmannia, 5: pp. 24-35, 2006 PDF
- ↑ VD Kravchenko, O. Orlova, M. Fibiger, J. Mooser, C. Li and GC Muller: The Acronictinae, Bryophilinae, Hypenodinae and Hypeninae of Israel (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) . SHILAP Revista de Lepidopterología, 34 (135): pp. 255–264 Madrid 2006 Online ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Josef Wimmer: Contribution to the Macrolepidoptera fauna of Cyprus. Steyr Entomologenrunde, 19: 54-61, 1985 PDF
- ↑ Ebert et al. (1997: p. 55)
Web links
- www.lepiforum.de
- Moths and Butterflies of Europe and North Africa (English)
- Ian Kimber: Guide to the moths of Great Britain and Ireland (English)
- Craniophora ligustri at Fauna Europaea