Perforated stone (mining)

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Perforated stone from a former hard coal mine in the Ruhr area
Perforated stone at the Fortuna pit with initials of the princes of Solms-Braunfels
Lochstein in Sankt Andreasberg in the Upper Harz
Perforated stone at the Upper Schalke Graben with stamp number 126 of the Harz hiking pin

In mining, a perforated stone is a boundary stone that marks the property line at a mine . Hole stones were until the end of the 19th century above ground after a mine survey innovative measurement set and showed how far the underground mining was allowed to go. They are among the last visible above ground evidence of a former mining industry.

Basics

The name perforated stone is probably derived from the medieval term for a boundary stone . The landmarks were notched or pooled and were called salmon stone . The vernacular term salmon stone is derived from “laugh”, which means something like “to cut a mark”, so a perforated stone was a stone provided with a mark. The holes were made to distinguish the stones from other stones lying around. The labeling of the perforated stones was very different depending on the mining area , mostly they were provided with the name of the responsible shift foreman and the miner as well as the name of the respective mine and the corresponding year. Hole stones were from the mining authority over day to the end of the measured mine field set. Mostly hewn stones were used as the perforated stone, next to the inscriptions the mining symbol was usually carved. In the Harz mining district, perforated stones were common from the 16th century. These perforated stones were often marked with a cross instead of the hole. In the 18th century, granite or greywacke monoliths up to 1.5 meters high and 0.8 meters wide were used as perforated stone, which were provided with extensive inscriptions.

Perforation

In the case of pit fields that were without perforated stones, the measurement and subsequent perforation stone was made from a fixed point - this was usually the legacy shaft. However, this procedure was only permissible if the mine field had already been measured once and entered in the survey book. Otherwise, the miner or miner in the Erbschacht had to orientate himself to the correct hall bands in the so-called “very fresh rock”, then fell the right hour and set a mark on the round tree from which the measurement was then made. If individual perforated stones were removed or moved from a field that had already been measured, these had to be replaced. For this purpose, a perforated brick that was recognized as correct was measured and perforated again using the required number of perforated stones. If all perforated stones were removed, the same procedure had to be used as for an initial measurement. The measurement and perforation was usually entered in the rental book. A particularly solemn survey and marking of the pit fields was the preparation for inheritance, during which the relevant pit field had to be ridden on horseback.

In order to align the other perforated stones accordingly, the hole in the upper part of the perforated stone was used as a bearing hole in the early years, so that the next perforated stone in the same field could be targeted and aligned. After better ways of describing the location of the perforated bricks had been developed, this method was no longer used. During the measurement, the measuring chain was often pulled through the hole in the perforated stone in order to measure the pit field more precisely. Starting from the set perforated stone, the boundaries were transferred in a straight line to underground by the mine separator, this process was called perforated stone felling . According to the Austrian mining law, this process was called the detection in the pit . Since the boundaries were recorded in more reliable maps from around the 19th century, the use of perforated stones was completely dispensed with later.

Perforated stone designation

The exact designation of the perforated stones (cord stones) depended on where in the pit they were placed. Perforated stones that were set at the corners of the pit field were known as head- hole stones . The two perforated stones, which were placed opposite each other in a straight line on the two longer sides of the square , were called Lochortstein or Ortstein . If there were greater distances between the two perforated stones, one or more additional perforated stones were placed as the center stone for better measurement .

Legal components

According to the mining laws of the time, every mine owner was entitled to demand an official surveying and pitting of the pit field assigned by the award document . This right was also available to the owners of the adjacent mines. The surveying and pitting was carried out by the mine surveyor under the supervision of the mining authority in the presence of the mine owner, the owners of the adjacent mines and the owners of the properties on which the perforated stones had to be set. The applicant had to pay for the costs of measuring and pitting.

In Austrian mining, every pit field had to be pitted at the latest after the end of a year following the legally binding award , this was done in the presence of all neighboring mine owners and mining entrepreneurs. The perforation had to be initiated ex officio by the mining authorities. In the case of older pit fields, which could be re-lent through a free drive, the driving miner was urged to carry out the perforation immediately after the end of the negotiations on the free drive if there was a clear legal situation regarding the ownership structure . If the boundary marks of a mine field had become unrecognizable, every mine owner was entitled to apply to the mining authorities for the renewal of the boundary marks.

Individual evidence

  1. Harzer Wanderadel: stamp site 126 / Lochstein, Oberer Schalker Graben , on harzer-wandernadel.de
  2. Explanatory dictionary of technical terms and foreign words used in mining, metallurgy and salt works. Falkenberg'schen Buchhandlung publishing house, Burgsteinfurt 1869.
  3. a b Joachim Huske: The coal mine in the Ruhr area. 3rd edition, self-published by the German Mining Museum, Bochum 2006, ISBN 3-937203-24-9 .
  4. ^ A b Rosemarie Homann, Hans Homann, Hans-Eugen Bühler: Territorial and mining boundaries on the Hosenberg near Fischbach .
  5. ^ A b Heinrich Veith: German mountain dictionary with evidence. Published by Wilhelm Gottlieb Korn, Breslau 1871.
  6. a b Mining dictionary. Johann Christoph Stößel, Chemnitz 1778.
  7. Carl von Scheuchenstuel : IDIOTICON the Austrian mining and metallurgy language. kk court bookseller Wilhelm Braumüller, Vienna 1856.
  8. Wilfried Ließmann: Historical mining in the Harz. 3rd edition, Springer Verlag, Berlin and Heidelberg 2010, ISBN 978-3-540-31327-4 .
  9. ^ Christian Heinrich Gottlieb Hake: Commentary on mining law. Kommerzienrath JE v. Seidel art and bookstore, Sulzbach 1823.
  10. Thomas Witzke: Markscheiderische signs, boards and markings, pit field boundaries. Mine Archaeological Society (last accessed on October 29, 2012).
  11. a b The early mining of the Ruhr: Lochsteine (last accessed on October 29, 2012).
  12. Joseph Tausch: The mining law of the Austrian Empire s. Second revised and enlarged edition, published by JG Ritter von Wösle, Vienna 1834.
  13. ^ General mining law for the Prussian states. Published by RL Friderichs, Elberfeld 1865.
  14. ^ Gustav Wenzel: Handbook of the general Austrian mining law. kk court bookseller Wilhelm Braumüller, Vienna 1855.

See also

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