Crossing (mining)

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In mining, a crossing is the width of a mine field without considering the thickness of the deposit . It was only through the crossing that the actual mine field was formed. In a broader sense, the crossing is a space between two parallel planes that are assumed to be at a certain distance from each other in a certain direction.

Basics

The crossing arose from the earlier surveying of the mine fields according to Lehen. Here, a pit field seven fiefs long and seven laughs wide was taken, half of which extended into the horizontal and half into the hanging wall. The width of the mine field was then measured from the middle of the vein including the thickness, but without taking into account the hall bands , and determined with 3½ laughs on both sides. Through the crossing a pit field had a width of 7 laughs. This maximum width of the quartered mine field was prescribed by the mining law. Through the crossing, the loaned owner of the mine field received permission to dismantle all passages or seams falling into the crossing . The laying out of a corridor above ground, based on the given depth and taking into account the corresponding angle of incidence, was called laying a crossing . If a vein suddenly disappeared due to a fault, the mine separator was forced to use another vein to orientate himself in order to determine the crossing. As a result, it could happen that he inevitably intervened in the lent pit of another mine. This process has been referred to as "falling into the crossing". A distinction was made between the crossing of the Ganges and the crossing of the mine field. One crossing differs from another either by the different position of the crossing levels, based on the location of the corridor, or the distance between the crossing levels and the hall band of the associated corridor closest to the respective crossing level, or by both. Even after the respective mining laws were changed, a crossing once carried out was only modified in rare cases and adapted to the new legal situation.

Crossing the corridor

When crossing a corridor, measurements were made starting from the hall bands. The prerequisite for this was that the corridor was fully developed and delimited by clearly recognizable and unambiguous hall bands. There were 3½ Lachter the hanging wall and 3½ Lachter the lying or 7 Lachter only the hanging wall, or only the lying at right angles to the swipe and traps quartered of the passage located in the field. The crossing created a space, the outer boundaries of which run parallel to the hall strips of the corridor and the center of which is the vein. The crossing of the corridor was always used or taken as a guideline when the corridor was undivided and continued with correct hall ribbons. If the corridor split, was it discarded or if it suddenly disappeared completely, crossing a corridor was no longer possible and you had to go back to the crossing of the pit field. If a corridor was divided into two or more so-called main fragments (individual corridors) falling out of the crossing and if these main fragments were still in the mountain-free area, the mine owner had the right to select one of these ruins as a continuation for his corridor. He then had the rights to dismantle this continuation of his course with the same crossing right as the actually quartered course. Following the crossing , the selected passage was marked with a Markscheider's mark and the selected passage was entered in the mountain book.

A mine field owner was allowed to dismantle other corridors within his crossing without taking any special courage . If these crossed or clustered corridors or side corridors emerged from the crossing, then he could mute them as long as they were still in the mountain-free area. Such a newly muted gait was considered a new gait in the sense of mining law and was given its own name. Problems due to collision of rights always arose when these gears had already been lent to another miner. Courses that were in the mountain-free area, but were in the crossing of a trade union or fiefdom, could not be lent to any other mother . If a passage was lost due to faults in the mountains, fissures or other natural events, the mine owner was entitled to search for this passage both inside and outside the crossing in the open field. In such a case, the mine owner was allowed to penetrate the pit field both in length and in width with Örters. He could also lower Örter into the depths to look for his passage. If the passage reappeared within the crossing, it was recognized as the "lost passage" and retained all the rights and advantages of the main passage that had already been awarded. However, if the corridor was outside the crossing, it had to be muted again. However, if it was discarded in an already lent pit field, it was lost to the owner, as his rights did not extend beyond the crossing into an already lent mine field. The only exception was when the corridor in question extended back into its pit field through cross passages or crevices.

Mine field crossing

When crossing the pit, the length of the pit is assigned the legal width. In addition to the boundaries of the repositories , and the dimensions of which, after falling and brushing were determined of course, the lent mining right 3½ also included the right to mining in each case (usually) Lach Tern distance in the hanging wall and footwall . The crossing of the pit field is also known as the main crossing, auxiliary or principal crossing. It is used when there has been a division or suspension of the gear, as well as distortions and interruptions. In such cases, in which the deposit was no longer recognizable as such, the crossing was carried out by mine surveying after the main strike to an already quartered treasure trove. This extension, projected on two parallel planes, resulted in the area by which the mine field expanded when it exceeded its width. In simple terms, this means that the pit area widened when the tunnel went beyond its actual dimensions. A pit area is thus broadened in depth by a crossing.

Special forms and exceptions

An accessory or special quadrant is a square division of a deposit into pit fields as quartered treasure troves. This procedure was used when the deposit was recognizable, but not identifiable by an ore, and therefore no lending in the form of treasure trove and dimensions was possible. For example, this was the case with storey mineralization. In some mining districts there were slight deviations in the mining laws. Here a larger than normal crossing was used to determine the width of the stretched fields . These pit fields were then not measured vertically on the corridor level, but on the strike in the horizon. It was also often left to the owner of the pit field, as far as the field was still free of mountains, whether the crossing should only be made into the hanging wall or lying or half into the hanging wall and half into the horizontal.

Inheritance

According to the Prussian laws, a heirloom was not granted a crossing width other than the normal, legally prescribed tunnel width. The granting of an inheritance tunnel was also associated with the mining right to the corridors to be found in the hanging and lying areas (according to most mountain regulations , 3½ laughs each), if they were in the mountain-free area, i.e. were not granted otherwise or in a field that was awarded. The crossing of the tunnel was accompanied by the crossing of the corridors and the tunnel with all its turns. However, this only applied as far as the tunnel was actually driven. The Stollner had no more claims below and above the permissible range. If an Erbstollner ran through corridors or crevices with the Erbstollen in an already enfeoffed mine field, he could work one of these corridors according to the crossing justice and use the mined mineral accordingly. The same applied if the tunnel encountered a corridor while driving, which split in front of the tunnel location. However, if the Erbstollner found no ore in the corridors, he had to offer the respective excavators or Maassners to drive the place out of their crossing. If they did not accept the offer within 14 days, the Erbstollner had the right to drive the place himself and to make the ore his own.

Fourth justice and fourth suffering

The four-way justice, also four-way law, was only applied to corridors. If a miner had already worked on a corridor and crossed his corridor with that of another miner, the corridor that had been worked on first and which was therefore the older one had the justice of the four compared to the younger one. The right of the elder could also be acquired by prospecting in the respective corridor. However, the elder only enjoyed the fourth justice in the corridor on which he was the elder. Due to the crossing justice, an authorized person could mine as much ore as fell into his crossing. This was particularly important for the excavation of the tunnel and was valid up to the point at which the tunnel was disinherited by another tunnel.

Crossing suffering is the disadvantage when several leaned corridors or deposits meet in the depths. This means that the person suffering from crossing had to allow a foreign miner to mine in his mining field if their crossing touched or even cut and the other was privileged. The primary priority was ore, and especially gold and silver over iron stone and tin ore. Here the elder could not insist on his foursome righteousness, but rather, whoever had the nobler ore had the foursome justice, and the one with the less noble ore had to suffer the foursome. In the case of a traversing corridor, the leaning support of seams or sticks had to suffer from its crossing. In the case of similar dismantling objects, the right to dismantle was granted to the person who held the older loan. These regulations made it quite possible that a union , if it had several gears in Lehn, only had the four-way justice in one corridor and thus had to suffer the four in the other corridors, which were cut by another miner.

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Explanatory dictionary of technical terms and foreign words used in mining, metallurgy and salt works. Falkenberg'schen Buchhandlung publishing house, Burgsteinfurt 1869.
  2. ^ A b Moritz Ferdinand Gätzschmann : Collection of mining expressions. Craz & Gerlach Publishing House, Freiberg 1859.
  3. ↑ a b c d Johann Wilhelm David Korth, CD Hoffmann: Dr. Johann Georg Krünitz's economic-technological encyclopedia, or general system of state, town, house and agriculture, and art history, in alphabetical order . Two hundred twenty-fourth part, Paulische Buchhandlung, Berlin 1854
  4. ^ Johann Gottfried Jugel : Geometria Subterranea. New improved edition, bookseller Johann Paul Kraus, Vienna 1773.
  5. ↑ a b c d e f Johann Friedrich Lempe : Magazin der Bergbaukunde. Sixth part, Walterische Hofbuchhandlung, Dresden 1789.
  6. ^ Carl Johann Bernhard Karsten, H. von Dechen (Ed.): Archives for Mineralogy, Geognosy, Mining and Metallurgy. Volume one and twenty, printed and published by G. Reimer , Berlin 1847.
  7. ^ A b c d e Paul Martin Kreßner: Systematic outline of the mining rights in Germany with excellent consideration for the Kingdom of Saxony. Bookstore JG Engelhardt, Freiberg 1858.
  8. ^ Johann Heinrich Ludwig Bergius : Collection of selected German state laws which have the policey and cameral system as their subject. First alphabet, Andredische Buchhandlung, Frankfurt am Mayn 1781.
  9. ↑ a b c d e f Heinrich Veith : German mountain dictionary with documents. Published by Wilhelm Gottlieb Korn, Breslau 1871.
  10. ^ Christian Heinrich Gottlieb Hake: Commentary on mining law. Kommerzienrath JE v. Seidel art and bookstore, Sulzbach 1823.
  11. ↑ Joachim Huske : The hard coal mining in the Ruhr area from its beginnings to the year 2000. 2nd edition, Regio-Verlag Peter Voß, Werne, 2001, ISBN 3-929158-12-4 .