Mamie Odessa Hale

Mamie Odessa Hale (born November 19, 1910 in Keeneys Creek , West Virginia , † July 10, 1979 in Pittsburgh ) also Mamie O. Hale Garland was an African American public health executive and a consultant for midwives from 1945 to 1950 in the Arkansas Department of Health from 1945 to 1950. During this time it was Hale's focus to train and prepare the so-called granny midwifes (German: grandmother / lay midwives). These women were the ones who monitored the medical aspects of the pregnancy and helped with the birth. They could also fill out the birth certificates for the newborns. Hales' concern was to address the inequality in public health care between black and white women and the high death rate of African American women and children during pregnancy and childbirth.

Early years and education

Mamie Odessa Hale was born on November 19, 1910 in Keeneys Creek, West Virginia, the third child of Emanuel Hale and Minnie Maude Creasy Hale. She attended the Tuskegee School of Nursing and Maternity Care for Colored Nurses in 1941 . The school, a historically African American educational institution , was one of the few training programs available to black nurses. The school was funded by the Rosenwald Foundation and the state children's welfare. A bachelor's degree was required for admission to the training ; it is not known where Hale received this training. The school graduated 31 students before closing again in 1946.

Career

Hale began her public health career in 1942 with the Crittenden County, Arkansas, Department of Health . At the time, many nurses were helping the United States' war effort in World War II , which enabled Hale to ascend. Because access to health care facilities in rural areas was difficult and racial barriers made it difficult, black child death rates were a social question that needed an answer. Until Hale got involved, attempts by the state to regulate and promote the training of midwives were unsuccessful. Hale's strong community supported her in the effort and encouraged many women, on average between 60 and 80 years old, to seek approval.

After great success, Hale was appointed midwives adviser to the Arkansas State Department of Health. In this position, Hale taught the Granny Midwifes to improve their obstetrics skills. Hale planned its own 8 to 12 week training program for the lay midwives. She initiated her program in Conway , Faulkner , Lonoke, and St. Francis Counties . The communities supported Hale in their efforts and informed the population how necessary this training was. Classes were held in churches and schools; many of the women were illiterate, so Hale developed a program based on demonstrations, chants, and pictures. The lay midwives who completed the program were subsequently licensed to work as midwives. Hales' work in health care has resulted in a significant change in deaths from pregnancy and childbirth, falling from 128 deaths per 1000 in 1930 to just 43 deaths in 1950. This meant that the risk of death from pregnancy and childbirth was between blacks and whites almost balanced.

Hale had many black and white supporters not only in the medical community but also in the population, and they helped her in Hale's fight against racial discrimination . For example, they blocked visits to restaurants that refused to serve African Americans. Hale married the postal worker Stanley Garland on September 16, 1949. In 1950 the two left Arkansas to return to Pennsylvania . In Pittsburgh she supported the World Health Organization and donated a scholarship to the University of Pittsburgh. She also served on the management of Allegheny General Hospital.

Mamie O. Hale Garland died on July 10, 1979 and was buried on July 14 in Pittsburgh.

Individual evidence

^ ^A ^b Riane Eisler: Transforming Interprofessional Partnerships: A New Framework for Nursing and Partnership-Based Health Care . Ed .: Sigma Theta Tau. 2014, ISBN 978-1-938835-26-1 (English).
^ ^A ^b Pegge Bell: Arkansas Biography: A Collection of Notable Lives . Ed .: The University of Arkansas Press. 2000, p. 127-128 (English).
^ ^A ^b Jessie Smith: Encyclopedia of African American Popular Culture . Ed .: Greenwood. 2011, ISBN 978-0-313-35796-1 , pp. 936-940 (English).
↑ Darlene Hine: Black Women in America (2nd ed.) . Ed .: Oxford University Press. 2005, ISBN 978-0-19-515677-5 (English, online ).
^ Katy Dawley: Origins of Nurse-Midwifery in the United States and its Expansion in the 1940s . In: Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health . tape 48 , no. 2 , March 4, 2003, p. 86-95 , doi : 10.1016 / S1526-9523 (03) 00002-3 (English).
↑ Teddie Potter: Reconstructing a New Story of Nursing: Critical Analysis of Nursing Textbooks Using Raine Eisler's Partnership Paradigm . Ed .: California Institute of Integral Studies. San Francisco, California 2010, pp. 186 (English, online ).
↑ Pegge Bell: Nursing History Review Vol. 1. Ed .: University of Pennsylvania Press. 1993, ISBN 978-0-8122-1450-5 (English).
↑ JM Luke: Catchin 'Babies: African American Midwives, Maternity Care, And Public Health Debates In The Jim Crow South, 1920-1970 . Ed .: University of Arkansas Press. 2016, ISBN 978-1-55728-587-4 (English).

personal data
SURNAME	Hale, Mamie Odessa
ALTERNATIVE NAMES	Garland, Mamie O. Hale
BRIEF DESCRIPTION	American nurse and midwife
DATE OF BIRTH	November 19, 1910
PLACE OF BIRTH	Keeneys Creek , West Virginia
DATE OF DEATH	July 10, 1979
Place of death	Pittsburgh

[:1-1] A ^b Riane Eisler: Transforming Interprofessional Partnerships: A New Framework for Nursing and Partnership-Based Health Care . Ed .: Sigma Theta Tau. 2014, ISBN 978-1-938835-26-1 (English).

[:3-2] A ^b Pegge Bell: Arkansas Biography: A Collection of Notable Lives . Ed .: The University of Arkansas Press. 2000, p. 127-128 (English).

[:0-3] A ^b Jessie Smith: Encyclopedia of African American Popular Culture . Ed .: Greenwood. 2011, ISBN 978-0-313-35796-1 , pp. 936-940 (English).

[4] Darlene Hine: Black Women in America (2nd ed.) . Ed .: Oxford University Press. 2005, ISBN 978-0-19-515677-5 (English, online ).

[:2-5] Katy Dawley: Origins of Nurse-Midwifery in the United States and its Expansion in the 1940s . In: Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health . tape 48 , no. 2 , March 4, 2003, p. 86-95 , doi : 10.1016 / S1526-9523 (03) 00002-3 (English).

[6] Teddie Potter: Reconstructing a New Story of Nursing: Critical Analysis of Nursing Textbooks Using Raine Eisler's Partnership Paradigm . Ed .: California Institute of Integral Studies. San Francisco, California 2010, pp. 186 (English, online ).

[7] Pegge Bell: Nursing History Review Vol. 1. Ed .: University of Pennsylvania Press. 1993, ISBN 978-0-8122-1450-5 (English).

[8] JM Luke: Catchin 'Babies: African American Midwives, Maternity Care, And Public Health Debates In The Jim Crow South, 1920-1970 . Ed .: University of Arkansas Press. 2016, ISBN 978-1-55728-587-4 (English).