Manāsik

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Muslim children practicing manāsik on a model of the Kaaba in Indonesia

As Manāsik ( Arabic مناسك, DMG Manāsik  'sacrificial rites') is the term used to describe all rites and ceremonies that must be performed by Muslim pilgrims during Islamic pilgrimages in Mecca and the surrounding area. The term already occurs in the Koran . A distinction between the Manasik that during the year in Dhu al-Hijjah held Hajj -Wallfahrt be completed, and the Manasik the umra -Wallfahrt that can be carried out at other times. Knowledge of manāsik is considered a separate sub-area of Islamic norms . In the course of Islamic history a comprehensive manāsik literature has arisen, to which well-known scholars have contributed.

Koranic statements

The Arabic term mansak, mansik , to which manāsik forms the plural , is actually nomen loci for the Arabic word nusuk . The term nusuk is even in the Qur'an in Surah 2: 196 against and designated a sacrifice , which are provided as a replacement power must, when the pilgrims prematurely shears the hair of the head. As a nomen loci , the term mansak describes a place of sacrifice. However, the meaning has changed over time. The term is already used in the Koran for certain sacrificial rites. With this meaning, the term appears in two places in the 22nd sura named after the Hajj :

  • "And for each community we have determined a rite (mansak) so that they (that is, the members of the community) pronounce the name of God (during the slaughter) over every (w. The) head of cattle that he has given them" ( Sura 22 : 34 ).
  • "For each community we have determined a rite (mansak) that they have to observe. They shouldn't argue with you about the matter" ( sura 22:67 )

In addition, the term appears twice in the plural in Sura 2 in connection with pilgrimage. In the first place, Sura 2: 128 , Abraham asked God to show him and his Muslim descendants the rites (manāsik) . In the second passage, Sura 2: 200 , the believers are asked to remember God according to the Manāsik , as they had previously thought of their fathers. The term is already used in the Koran for all pilgrimage ceremonies.

history

The companion of the Prophet ManAbdallāh ibn ʿUmar is considered to be one of the earliest experts in manāsik . It is said of him that he alternately went one year to the Hajj and the other year to the Umra. During the pilgrimage season ( mausim ) he was then active as a mufti . Together with ʿAbdallāh ibn ʿAbbās , he held his fatwa sessions on the arrival of the pilgrims.

One of the earliest monographic treatises on the entirety of the pilgrimage rites is the Kitāb al-Manāsik by Qatāda ibn Diʿāma (d. 735/6). The first part of this work is preserved in the tradition of his student Saʿīd ibn Abī ʿArūba (d. 773). Numerous other manāsik works were later written, a few of which are listed below.

As Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje reports, who stayed in Mecca in the late 19th century, the manāsik were taught to pilgrims in separate colleges before the pilgrimage began. Today in Indonesia the children are taught the pilgrimage rites on site, with models of the Kaaba being set up for this purpose, around which the children walk.

Well-known Manāsik works

  • Kitāb al-Manāsik by Saʿīd ibn Abī ʿArūba , the basic features of which go back to his teacher Qatāda ibn Diʿāma . It was first published in Beirut in 2000 by ʿĀmir Hasan Sabrī ( digitized version ).
  • al-Īḍāḥ fī l-manāsik from an-Nawawī ( digitized version ).
  • al-Masālik fī l-manāsik by Abū Mansūr Muhammad ibn Mukarrim al-Karmānī (died approx. 1478) in two volumes ( digitized version of the Beirut 2003 edition ).
  • al-Baḥr al-ʿamīq fī manāsik al-muʿtamir wa-'l-ḥāǧǧ ilā bait Allāh al-ʿatīq by Muhammad ibn Ahmad Ibn ad-Diyāʾ (d. 1350). In the modern print edition from 2011 it comprises more than 3,000 pages ( digitized ).
  • Lubāb al-manāsik wa-ʿubāb al-masālik from Rahmatallāh as-Sindī (d. 1585). ʿAlī al-Qārī wrote a commentary on this work at the beginning of the 17th century with the title al-Maslak al-mutaqassiṭ fī l-mansak al-mutawassiṭ ( digitized version of the Mecca 1910 edition ).
  • Manasik (Rituals) of Hajj in letter from Ali Chamene'i , Shiite Manāsik work ( online version ).

Exemplary structure of a manāsik work

To give an example of the subjects typically dealt with in Manāsik books, an overview of the chapters of the work of Rahmatallāh as-Sindī with the commentary of al-Qārī is given below:

  1. Requirements for the Hajj ( šarāʾiṭ al-ḥaǧǧ ; p. 6).
  2. The duties of Hajj ( farāʾiḍ al-ḥaǧǧ ; p. 21)
  3. The places for entering the state of consecration ( al-mawāqīt , p. 26)
  4. Entry into the state of consecration ( al-iḥrām ; p. 31)
  5. Entering Mecca ( duḫūl Makka ; p. 53)
  6. The different types of Tawaf ( anwā' al-aṭwifa ; p 62).
  7. Walking between as-Safā and al-Marwa ( as-saʿī baina ṣ-Ṣafā wa-l-Marwa ; p. 115)
  8. The Chutba ( al-Ḫuṭba ; p. 89)
  9. Standing in ʿArafāt and its rules ( wuqūf ʿArafāt wa-aḥkāmu-hū ; p. 92)
  10. The rules of Muzdalifa ( aḥkām al-Muzdalifa ; p. 106)
  11. The sacrificial rites of Minā ( manāsik Minā ; p. 111)
  12. The tawāf of the visit ( ṭawāf az-ziyāra ; p. 116)
  13. The throwing of stones and its rules ( ramy al-ǧimār wa-aḥkāmu-hū ; p. 119)
  14. The farewell circuit ( ṭawāf aṣ-ṣadar ; p. 127)
  15. The connection between Hajj and Umra ( al-qirān ; p. 130)
  16. The Tamattuʿ ( at-tamattuʿ p. 139), a combination of Hajj and ʿUmra, in which the pilgrim leaves the state of consecration in between.
  17. The combination of two Hajj or ʿUmra pilgrimages ( al-ǧamʿ bain an-nusukain al-muttaḥidain ; p. 147)
  18. Addition of one of the two types of pilgrimage ( iḍāfat aḥad an-nusukain ; p. 150)
  19. The abolition of the Ihrām of Hajj and ʿUmra ( fasḫ iḥrām al-ḥaǧǧ wa-l-ʿumra ; p. 152)
  20. Violations ( al-ǧināyāt ; p. 152)
  21. The retaliation of the violations and the atonement required for it ( ǧazāʾ al-ǧināyāt wa-kaffārāru-hā ; p. 200)
  22. The obstruction of pilgrimage ( al-iḥṣār ; p. 219)
  23. The expiration of the pilgrimage ( al-fawāt ; p. 230)
  24. The execution of the pilgrimage for a third party ( al-ḥaǧǧ ʿan al-ġair ; p. 233)
  25. the ʿUmra ( al-ʿUmra ; p. 248)
  26. the vow to Hajj or ʿUmra ( an-naḏr bi-l-ḥaǧǧ wa-l-ʿumra ; p. 251)
  27. Sacrificial animals ( al-hadāya ; p. 254)
  28. Miscellaneous ( al-mutafarriqāt ; p. 259). Among other things, the boundaries of the Haram and the ruler's duty to dress the Kaaba are dealt with .
  29. The visit of the Lord of Messengers ( Ziyārat saiyid al-mursalīn ; p. 267) to Medina .

literature

  • John Esposito (ed.): The Oxford Dictionary of Islam . Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2003. p. 190.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ See Hans Wehr: Arabic dictionary for the written language of the present. Arabic-German. 5th ed. Harrasowitz, Wiesbaden, 1985. p. 1270.
  2. ↑ Cf. Ibn ʿAsākir : Taʾrīḫ madīnat Dimašq . 1996, Vol. XXI, pp. 163, 192.
  3. ↑ Cf. al-Fasawī: Kitāb al-Maʿrifa wa-t-tārīḫ. Baghdad 1975, Vol. I, p. 491.
  4. ↑ Cf. aḏ-Ḏahabī : Siyar aʿlām al-nubalāʾ. Beirut 1981, Vol. III, p. 222.
  5. ↑ Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje: Mecca. Volume II: From today's life . Nijhoff, Haag, 1888-1889. P. 292. Digitized