Granada massacre

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Granada massacre was a pogrom of Jews that took place in Granada in 1066 during the reign of the Zirids in the Islamic dominion of al-Andalus . It is considered the first pogrom on European soil. On December 30th, a Muslim crowd stormed the Royal Palace, crucified the Jewish vizier Joseph ibn Naghrela , son of Shmuel ha-Nagid , and massacred most of the city's Jewish population. More than 1,500 Jewish families, around 4,000 people, were murdered.

reviews

Rabbi Abraham ibn Daud (1110–1180) wrote in his historical work Sefer ha-Kabbalah about Joseph that he became haughty until his destruction; the nobles of the Berber became increasingly jealous, until he was finally murdered.

According to British orientalist Bernard Lewis , the massacre is "generally seen as a reaction by the Muslim population against a powerful and boastful Jewish vizier". Lewis writes:

“An old anti-Semitic poem by Abu Ishaq , which was written in Granada in 1066 , is particularly characteristic in this regard . This poem, believed to have helped provoke the anti-Jewish outbreak that year, contained the lines:

Do not consider it a breach of faith to kill them, the breach of faith would be to let them go on.
They broke our agreement with them, how can you be guilty against the transgressors?
How can they refer to a contract when we are in the shadows and they stand out?
Now we are humiliated, stand among them as if we were wrong and they were true! "

Lewis puts forward the thesis that such speeches and outbursts of violence as in Granada in 1066 are rare in Islamic history.

The American historian Walter Laqueur characterizes the event as a pogrom: "As a rule, the Jews could not hold public office (as usual there were exceptions), and there were occasional pogroms, such as that of Granada in 1066."

The Spanish Harvard professor Darío Fernández-Morera points out that even more Jews fell victim to the pogrom than in the well-known Christian pogroms in the Rhineland at the start of the First Crusade thirty years later.

Effects

The Jewish community of Granada recovered in the years that followed but was attacked again in 1090 under the Almoravids under Yusuf ibn Tashfin . This event is seen by some as the end of the golden age of Judaism in Spain .

literature

  • André Clot : Moorish Spain: 800 years of high Islamic culture in Al Andalus. Albatros, Düsseldorf 2004, ISBN 3-491-96116-5 , p. 198 f.
  • Thomas Freller: Granada. Kingdom between Orient and Occident. Thorbecke, Ostfildern 2009, ISBN 978-3-7995-0825-4 , p. 33 f.
  • Wilhelm Hoenerbach (Ed.): Islamic History of Spain: Translation of the Aʻmāl al-a'lām and additional texts. Artemis, Zurich / Stuttgart 1970, pp. 419-422.
  • Arnold Hottinger : The Moors: Arab Culture in Spain. Reprint of the 3rd edition, Wilhelm Fink Verlag, Munich 2005, ISBN 3-7705-3075-6 , pp. 146–148.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Richard Gottheil , Meyer Kayserling : Granada. In: Jewish Encyclopedia . 1906, accessed August 18, 2018 .
  2. ↑ Abraham Ibn Daud: ספר הקבלה לרב אברהם בןריר. (pdf, 2.4 MB) Retrieved August 18, 2018 (Hebrew). Abraham Ibn Daud: On Samuel Ha-Nagid, Vizier of Granada, 993-d after 1056. Medieval Sourcebook , accessed August 18, 2018 (English, translation by Jacob Marcus: The Jew in the Medieval World: A Sourcebook . JPS, New York, 1938, pp. 297-300).
  3. ↑ Bernard Lewis : The Jews of Islam . Princeton University Press, 1984, p. 54.
  4. ↑ Bernard Lewis : The Jews of Islam . Princeton University Press, 1984, pp. 44-45.
  5. ^ Walter Laqueur : The Changing Face of Antisemitism: From Ancient Times to the Present Day . Oxford University Press, 2006, ISBN 0-19-530429-2 , p. 68.
  6. ↑ Darío Fernández-Morera: The Myth of the Andalusian Paradise. (pdf, 193 kB) In: The Intercollegiate Review . 2006, pp. 23–31, here p. 25 , archived from the original on December 5, 2017 ; accessed on August 18, 2018 .