Material product system

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The material product system ( English Material Product System , MPS for short , officially actually System of Balances of the National Economy or German system of national economic balance sheets ) describes a procedural standard for creating national accounts with the net material product as the most important aggregate variable. It was an eastern alternative to the System of National Accounts (SNA) developed after the Second World War, first published in 1953 and used worldwide today . The MPS was used from the 1920s to around 1990 in planned economies.

The two systems were not compatible with each other or the extensive work that was supposed to lead to a conversion process did not lead to a clear result until the fall of communism. As a rough rule of thumb, it can be assumed that around a fifth of the economic output according to the SNA is not recorded in the MPS, but this assumption only applies if national accounts are drawn up for the same economy using both methods. A comparison of the Eastern and Western economies at the time of the Cold War on the basis of national accounts was made considerably more difficult by the different procedural standards - in addition to state-set prices and exchange rates.

features

The material product system differed significantly from the System of National Accounts (SNA) due to the use of Marxist economic models. H. only the production of goods and services related to the production and distribution of goods were included in the calculation. Are calculated z. B. assembly and repair services , goods transport and telecommunications, but not personal services such as health and education or internal security .

The distinction between productive and non-productive services was difficult and the precise design was sometimes subject to a certain arbitrariness. For example, the transport of goods and the work of a company doctor were considered productive, but the transport of people and the work of a doctor in the hospital were not. The demarcation between productive and non-productive economic sectors was not uniform in all countries and was changed frequently.

In contrast to the SNA, which describes a whole range of different aggregate sizes (domestic and domestic concept , factor costs and market prices , including and exclusive depreciation ), the MPS only saw the domestic concept , "market prices" (however, it is actually more about plan - Instead of dealing with market prices, the designation as “real (ised) e” or “factual” prices is more precise) and two aggregates in front of it: The (social) total product or gross product - the value of all “material” goods and services produced including all Intermediate consumption and without deduction of depreciation, roughly equivalent to the western production value, as well as national income, gross income, gross income, (social) net product or net material product. The net material product, the main aggregate of the MPS, is therefore closest to the western net domestic product at market prices. A “gross material product”, an aggregate comparable to the western gross domestic product, was published occasionally by some countries (especially Yugoslavia), although it was not actually intended.

The term material product system or material product is a western concept creation from the 1950s in order to create a clear distinction to the terminology of the western system of national accounts and has no direct equivalent in the language of the Comecon countries. A uniform terminology was not achieved in East and West, different terms and translations for one and the same size can lead to confusion of terms.

history

A first forerunner of the later material product system was published for the first time in 1926, together with the first national accounts and more extensive economic statistics of the USSR for the business year 1923/24. Further publications followed in the following decades, after the Second World War the Soviet satellite states also adopted this system - mostly with country-specific modifications that made international comparison difficult. In 1958 a revised version of the MPS was presented to the UN with the aim of improving the comparability of MPS and SNA. Ten years later, the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance declared a revised version of the MPS as the standard method of national accounts in its member states. This version was also submitted to the UN, which in 1971 declared the MPS as the second recommended standard of national accounts alongside the SNA.

Already at an early stage, the MPS proved to be problematic for internal use in planned economy systems, precisely due to the principle of not considering essential parts of the service sector . As early as 1968, the statistics department of the Comecon and the individual states began to continuously revise the system with the aim of aligning it more with the SNA and making it easier to convert between the two systems. The inclusion of additional economic areas led to the dilution of the basic principle and the numerous revisions impaired the comparability of the calculated figures.

The two different, mutually incompatible procedural standards made comparisons between the Eastern and Western economies - which were problematic in any case due to the lack of market-based prices in planned economy systems - so that since the 1970s both on the part of Comecon and Western economists and the UN Statistics Commission attempts have been made to develop conversion methods for the two systems. Comparative calculations were made in which national accounts were drawn up using both methods for different countries with different economic structures.

The results were presented to the UN in 1987. Plans aimed at merging the two systems were no longer implemented as a result of the political upheavals of the late 1980s. At this time, some Eastern Bloc countries began to create and publish national accounts based on both systems. The Soviet Union switched to the SNA in 1988, North Korea in 1989, most of the other countries followed in 1990. The People's Republic of China and Cuba also took over the SNA for two years, only the rest of Yugoslavia kept the MPS and published the last figures in 2004 using this method.

Countries using the material product system:

Today the material product is no longer used anywhere; only Cuba and North Korea are the only countries that have not made the SNA mandatory.

literature

  • János Árvay: The Material Product System (MPS). A retrospective. In: Zoltan Kenessey (Ed.): The Accounts of Nations. IOS Press, Washington DC 1994, ISBN 978-90-5199-156-7 , pp. 218-236 ( limited preview in Google Book Search).
  • Abraham S. Becker: National Income Accounting in the USSR. RAND Corporation, Santa Monica 1971.
  • Helen Boss: Origins of the Soviet Material Product System. In: Canadian Slavonic Papers / Revue Canadienne des Slavistes. Volume 28, No. 3, September 1986, ISSN  0008-5006 , pp. 243-265.
  • Dieter Brümmerhoff : National accounts. 8th edition. Oldenbourg Verlag, Munich 2007, ISBN 978-3-486-58335-9 .
  • Helmut Koziolek: Reproduction and National Income . Publishing house Die Wirtschaft, Berlin 1979.
  • Paul Marer, Janos Arvay, John O'Connor, Martin Schrenk. Daniel Swanson: Historically Planned Economies. A Guide to the Data. World Bank, Washington DC 1992, ISBN 0-8213-2147-1 , p. 66 ( PDF file; 19.9 MB ).
  • Michael Kaser: A Survey of the National Accounts of Eastern Europe. In: The Review of Income and Wealth. Volume 9, 1961, ISSN  0034-6586 , pp. 131–177, here p. 157 ( PDF file; 1.5 MB ).
  • Pavel Ilʹič Popov: Balans narodnogo chozjajstva Sojuza SSR 1923–1924 goda. Trudy Centralʹnogo Statističeskogo Upravlenija. Tom XXIX. Moskva, 1926.
  • Delcho Porsajow (ed.): National income in socialism. Production, distribution, redistribution, use, information system and modeling. Publishing house Die Wirtschaft, Berlin 1976.
  • Valerjan Antonovič Sobol: Očerki po voprosam balansa narodnogo chozjajstva. Gosstatizdat, Moskva, 1960.
  • André Vanoli: A History of National Accounting . IOS Press, Washington DC 2005, ISBN 978-1-58603-469-6 ( limited preview in Google Book Search).
  • UN Statistics Commission (Ed.): Basic Principles of the System of Balances of the National Economy (= Studies in Methods Series F. Volume 17). United Nations, New York, 1971.
  • UN Statistics Commission (Ed.): Comparisons of the System of National Accounts and the System of Balances of the National Economy (= Studies in Methods Series F. Volume 20). United Nations, New York.
  • Part 1. Conceptual Relationships. 1977.
  • Part 2. Conversion of Aggregates of SNA to MPS and vice versa for Selected Countries. 1981.
  • UN Statistics Commission (Ed.): Basic Methodological Principles Governing the Compilation of the System of Statistical Balances of the National Economy (= Studies in Methods Series F. Volume 17). United Nations, New York, 1989, ISBN 978-92-1-161303-2 .
  • Hans Wessels: Fundamental differences between the concepts of the System of National Accounts and the Material Product System. In: Federal Statistical Office (Hrsg.): International systems of national accounts (= publication series Forum der Bundesstatistik. Volume 4). Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 1986, ISBN 3-17-003308-5 , pp. 133-142.
  • T︠S︡entralʹnoe upravlenie narodnokhozi︠a︡ĭstvennogo ucheta: Materials for a Balance of the Soviet National Economy, 1928–1930. Ed .: SG Wheatcroft, RW Davies (=  Soviet and East European Studies ). Cambridge University Press, New York 1985, ISBN 0-521-26125-2 (Russian: Materialy po balansu narodnogo khozi ︠ a ︡ ĭstva SSSR za 1928, 1929 i 1933 g. G. 1932. Translated by B. Pearce, SG Wheatcroft, RW Davies) .
  • Helen Harte Boss: The Origins of the Material Product System in Keynes-Gerschenkron Perspective (= Cahier (Université du Québec à Montréal, Département de Science Économique). 8506D). Université du Québec à Montreal, Montreal 1985.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ André Vanoli: A History of National Accounting . IOS Press, Washington DC 2005, ISBN 978-1-58603-469-6 , pp. 101 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  2. ^ Alfred Stobbe: National accounts. In: Willi Albers (Hrsg.): Term markets to the economy of the GDR, Die (= concise dictionary of economics. Volume 8). Fischer / Mohr / Vandenhoeck and Rupprecht, Stuttgart / New York / Tübingen / Göttingen 1980, ISBN 3-525-10257-7 , pp. 368-405, here p. 387 ( online )
  3. ↑ János Árvay: The Material Product System (MPS). A retrospective. In: Zoltan Kenessey (Ed.): The Accounts of Nations. IOS Press, Washington DC 1994, ISBN 978-90-5199-156-7 , pp. 229-235 ( limited preview in Google Book Search).
  4. ^ Jozef Wilczynski : The Economics of Socialism. Principes Governing the Operation of the Centraly Planned Economies in the USSR and Eastern Europe under the New System. (= Studies in Economics. Volume 2). 3rd edition Allen & Unwin, London 1977, ISBN 0-04-335034-8 , p. 65.
  5. ^ Alfred Stobbe: National accounts. In: Willi Albers (Hrsg.): Term markets to the economy of the GDR, Die (= concise dictionary of economics. Volume 8). Fischer / Mohr / Vandenhoeck and Rupprecht, Stuttgart / New York / Tübingen / Göttingen 1980, ISBN 3-525-10257-7 , p. 368-405, here p. 390 ( online )
  6. ^ Alfred Stobbe: National accounts. In: Willi Albers (Hrsg.): Term markets to the economy of the GDR, Die (= concise dictionary of economics. Volume 8). Fischer / Mohr / Vandenhoeck and Rupprecht, Stuttgart / New York / Tübingen / Göttingen 1980, ISBN 3-525-10257-7 , p. 368-405, here p. 388f ( online )
  7. ↑ Hans Wessels: Fundamental differences between the concepts of the System of National Accounts and the Material Product System. In: Federal Statistical Office (Hrsg.): International systems of national accounts (= publication series Forum der Bundesstatistik. Volume 4). Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 1986, ISBN 3-17-003308-5 , pp. 133-142, here p. 134.
  8. ↑ Herbert Wilkens: The national product of the German Democratic Republic in comparison with that of the Federal Republic of Germany (= German Institute for Economic Research special editions. Volume 115). Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1976, ISBN 3-428-03800-2 , p. 12.
  9. ^ Dieter Brümmerhoff : National accounts. 8th edition. Oldenbourg Verlag, Munich 2007, ISBN 978-3-486-58335-9 , p. 89
  10. ^ Alfred Stobbe: National accounts. In: Willi Albers (Hrsg.): Term markets to the economy of the GDR, Die (= concise dictionary of economics. Volume 8). Fischer / Mohr / Vandenhoeck and Rupprecht, Stuttgart / New York / Tübingen / Göttingen 1980, ISBN 3-525-10257-7 , p. 368-405, here p. 388 f. ( online ).
  11. ↑ Hans Wessels: Fundamental differences between the concepts of the System of National Accounts and the Material Product System. In: Federal Statistical Office (Hrsg.): International systems of national accounts (= publication series Forum der Bundesstatistik. Volume 4). Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 1986, ISBN 3-17-003308-5 , pp. 133-142, here pp. 136f.
  12. ↑ Herbert Wilkens: The national product of the German Democratic Republic in comparison with that of the Federal Republic of Germany (= German Institute for Economic Research special editions. Volume 115). Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1976, ISBN 3-428-03800-2 , pp. 12-16.
  13. ↑ Reiner Stäglin: The importance of input-output tables in the connection of the System of National Accounts and the Material Product System. In: Federal Statistical Office (Hrsg.): International systems of national accounts (= publication series Forum der Bundesstatistik. Volume 4). Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 1986, ISBN 3-17-003308-5 , pp. 143–162, here p. 144
  14. ^ Roland Götz-Coenenberg: From national income to national product. The reorganization of the national economic accounts of the USSR (= reports of the Federal Institute for Eastern Studies and International Studies. Volume 51–1988). Federal Institute for Eastern and International Studies, Cologne 1988, ISSN  0435-7183 , p. 18 ( online ).
  15. ^ J. Wilczynski: The Economics of Socialism After World War Two. 1945–1990. Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick 2008, ISBN 978-0-202-36580-0 , p. 62 ( limited preview in Google book search).
  16. ^ Alfred Kuehn: The calculation methods of the national product in the USSR. In: Quarterly issues for economic research. Volume 30, No. 1, 1961, ISSN  0340-1707 , pp. 106-119, here p. 106.
  17. ↑ Roland Götz-Coenenberg: On the concept of Soviet national product statistics (= reports of the Federal Institute for Eastern Studies and International Studies. Volume 47–1987). Federal Institute for Eastern and International Studies, Cologne 1987, ISSN  0435-7183 , p. 6 f. ( online ).
  18. ↑ Delcho Porsajow (ed.): National income in socialism. Production, distribution, redistribution, use, information system and modeling. Verlag Die Wirtschaft, Berlin 1976, p. 18.
  19. ↑ Hans Wessels: Fundamental differences between the concepts of the System of National Accounts and the Material Product System. In: Federal Statistical Office (Hrsg.): International systems of national accounts (= publication series Forum der Bundesstatistik. Volume 4). Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 1986, ISBN 3-17-003308-5 , pp. 133-142, here p. 138.
  20. ↑ Herbert Wilkens: The national product of the German Democratic Republic in comparison with that of the Federal Republic of Germany (= German Institute for Economic Research special editions. Volume 115). Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1976, ISBN 3-428-03800-2 , p. 13.
  21. ^ Alfred Kuehn: The calculation methods of the national product in the USSR. In: Quarterly issues for economic research. Volume 30, No. 1, 1961, ISSN  0340-1707 , pp. 106-119, here p. 107.
  22. ^ Paul Marer, Janos Arvay, John O'Connor, Martin Schrenk. Daniel Swanson: Historically Planned Economies. A Guide to the Data. World Bank, Washington DC 1992, ISBN 0-8213-2147-1 , p. 66 ( PDF file; 19.9 MB ).
  23. ^ Michael Kaser: A Survey of the National Accounts of Eastern Europe. In: The Review of Income and Wealth. Volume 9, 1961, ISSN  0034-6586 , pp. 131–177, here p. 157 ( PDF file; 1.5 MB ).
  24. ↑ Helen Boss: Origins of the Soviet Material Product System. In: Canadian Slavonic Papers / Revue Canadienne des Slavistes. Volume 28, No. 3, September 1986, ISSN  0008-5006 , pp. 243-265, here p. 243.
  25. ^ Abraham S. Becker: National Income Accounting in the USSR. RAND Corporation, Santa Monica 1971, pp. 7-8.
  26. ^ Roland Götz-Coenenberg: From national income to national product. The reorganization of the national economic accounts of the USSR (= reports of the Federal Institute for Eastern Studies and International Studies. Volume 51–1988). Federal Institute for Eastern and International Studies, Cologne 1988, ISSN  0435-7183 , p. 18 ( online ).
  27. ^ Alfred Kuehn: The calculation methods of the national product in the USSR. In: Quarterly issues for economic research. Volume 30, No. 1, 1961, ISSN  0340-1707 , pp. 106-119, here p. 107.
  28. ↑ János Árvay: The Material Product System (MPS). A retrospective. In: Zoltan Kenessey (Ed.): The Accounts of Nations. IOS Press, Washington DC 1994, ISBN 978-90-5199-156-7 , pp. 219-223 ( limited preview in Google Book Search).
  29. ^ André Vanoli: A History of National Accounting . IOS Press, Washington DC 2005, ISBN 978-1-58603-469-6 , pp. 102 ( limited preview in Google Book search.).
  30. ^ Alfred Stobbe: National accounts. In: Willi Albers (Hrsg.): Term markets to the economy of the GDR, Die (= concise dictionary of economics. Volume 8). Fischer / Mohr / Vandenhoeck and Rupprecht, Stuttgart / New York / Tübingen / Göttingen 1980, ISBN 3-525-10257-7 , p. 368-405, here p. 389 f. ( online ).
  31. ↑ Reiner Stäglin: The importance of input-output tables in the connection of the System of National Accounts and the Material Product System. In: Federal Statistical Office (Hrsg.): International systems of national accounts (= publication series Forum der Bundesstatistik. Volume 4). Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 1986, ISBN 3-17-003308-5 , pp. 143-162, here p. 154 f.
  32. ↑ János Árvay: The Material Product System (MPS). A retrospective. In: Zoltan Kenessey (Ed.): The Accounts of Nations. IOS Press, Washington DC 1994, ISBN 978-90-5199-156-7 , pp. 229-235 ( limited preview in Google Book Search).
  33. ^ Nick Eberstadt: The North Korean Economy. Between Crisis and Catastrophe. Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick 2008, ISBN 978-1-4128-0947-4 , p. 30.
  34. ^ André Vanoli: A History of National Accounting . IOS Press, Washington DC 2005, ISBN 978-1-58603-469-6 , pp. 124 f . ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  35. ^ Herbert Büschenfeld: The economic situation in the successor states of Yugoslavia before the Kosovo war. In: Dunja Melčić (Ed.): The War in Yugoslavia. Prehistory, course and consequences manual. Westdeutscher Verlag, Opladen 1999, ISBN 978-3-531-13219-8 , p. 513.
  36. ↑ Savezni Zavod za Statistics Srbije i Crne Gore: Statisticki godisnjak Srbije i Crne Gore 2004. Belgrade 2004, ISSN  1451-6632 , pp. 87-90.
  37. ↑ János Árvay: The Material Product System (MPS). A retrospective. In: Zoltan Kenessey (Ed.): The Accounts of Nations. IOS Press, Washington DC 1994, ISBN 978-90-5199-156-7 , p. 236 ( limited preview in Google Book Search).
  38. ^ Manabu Fujimura: Post-Conflict Reconstruction. The Afghan Economy. Asian Development Bank, Tokyo 2004, ISBN 4-89974-003-4 , p. 122 ( PDF file; 1.0 MB ).
  39. ↑ François Lequiller, Derek W. Blades: Understanding National Accounts. 2nd Edition. OECD Publishing, Paris 2014, ISBN 978-92-64-21463-7 , p. 443 ( PDF file; 5.0 MB ).