Midschwiz
Midschwiz ( Arabic مجوز, DMG miǧwiz , IPA: [ mɪd͡ʒwɪz ]; also midjwiz , English transcription mijwiz ) is a single reed instrument made of two cylindrical chimes that is played in Syria , Lebanon and Jordan . The two tubes of the woodwind instrument are of the same length and rigidly connected to one another by windings of cord at both ends. Both tubes are tuned to the same pitch and each have five to eight (sometimes more) relatively large finger holes, which are arranged in pairs at the same height. Hollow plant stems (mostly bamboo ) are used as material for the melody tubes . The construction of the midschwiz corresponds to two connected sipsis . The midschwiz is mostly played with circular breathing and unison, two-part effects are possible. He won't overblown .
Dissemination and terminology
The type of instrument is widespread under various names, especially in the Mediterranean and the Middle East. The instruments are called muṭbag in Iraq and Egyptزمارة/ Zummara , Albania zumare , Palestineيرغول/ yarghūl , in Yemenمزمار/ mizmār (otherwise stands for the surnai type). In North Africa the designationsمقرونة / maqruna / magrūna and زمر / zam (a) r used, also with two horns. In Turkey , such instruments are called çifte (generally “double”) or arghul ( argun, kargin or zambir ). The Sardinian bena , the xeremia eivissenca in Ibiza and the Russian dud (k) a can be used both singly and doubled .
A related Egyptian type of instrument, consisting of a tube with finger holes and a handhole-free drone tube, is called ارغول/ arghūl . In the sonarel ( Languedoc ), the melody and drone tubes are firmly connected to one another by a bridge; compare the two connected tubes of the triple launeddas in Sardinia. A Basque double instrument with horn funnels and / or wind capsules is called an alboka .
In the literature, the double reed pipes are often referred to as "double clarinets" following the Hornbostel-Sachs system .
history
The forerunners of today's instruments can be found in ancient Egypt . The aulos of classical antiquity can only to a limited extent be counted among the forerunners of the double reed pipes, as it had unconnected melody pipes that were played in a V position.
In the High Middle Ages appropriate instruments in Western Europe are proven, then as chalumeau (masculine, feminine chalumeaux ) or muse (femininum, feminine muses are called). In particular, there are instruments with connected parallel sound tubes (Psalter of Limoges , 12th century), which can be attached to a semicircular wooden arch ( Cantigas de Santa Maria ). Or two parallel sound tubes are drilled into a piece of wood (Charavines-Colletière, 11th century; Saint-Ours de Loches , 12th century). There are also images of triple instruments with parallel sound pipes (two drone pipes without finger holes, (cantigas)); Codex of the Canterbury School 12th Century.
literature
- Ali Jihad Racy: A Dialectical Perspective on Musical Instruments: The East-Mediterranean Mijwiz. In: Ethnomusicology, Vol. 38, No. 1, Winter 1994, pp. 37-57
Web links
- Description of the midschwiz with sound sample
- Medieval Instruments with information on the use of the Zummara in the Middle Ages (accessed October 24, 2008)
Individual evidence
- ↑ Heinz Becker: On the history of the development of ancient and medieval reed instruments . Hamburg 1966, pp. 109-111.
- ↑ Pierre-Alexis Cabiran, Lionel Dieu: Avant et après les muses de Charavines - Hypothèses sur l'évolution des instruments à anches simples . P. 5 f, download cabdieumuses. Retrieved September 4, 2016 . (PDF).
- ↑ For the instruments that are shown in the manuscripts of the “Cantigas”, see the illustration Medieval Instruments VIb, Winds ( Memento of the original dated February 2, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. .
- ↑ Becker: history of development . P. 112.
