Modernismo

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The Modernism came at the end of the 19th century as a literary movement in Latin America on. It arose out of rebellion against literary conventions and in an effort to create more subtle means of expression and new metrical structures in poetry . Hence the name of a direction that deliberately wants to be “modern” and wants to establish a new way of writing, an adequate art for the modern lifestyle of people at the fin de siècle . Rubén Darío from Nicaragua is considered to be its founder .

Phases

Several phases can be distinguished in the course of Modernismo:

  1. Heyday (approx. 1880 to 1898);
  2. Phase from approx. 1898 to the First World War , which is characterized by greater simplicity;
  3. Decreasing phase, aftermath until the 1940s.

Characteristic

Modernismo can be understood as a belated l'art pour l'art movement on the Iberian Peninsula . Strong influences come from French symbolism and the Parnassians , with whom he shares a decadent mood and the flight into the ideal of purposeless beauty. So it is directed against the bourgeois sense of reality and business and its morality. The basic mood in modernist poetry is aristocratic, aloof, fairytale-like, exotic, fantastic; The ancient world of legends or Nordic fabrics are often used.

Latin American modernismo is formative for the Latin American self-image and plays an important role in the process of identity formation in many Latin American countries. It is the first independent literary movement in Latin America and had a strong impact on the mother country, which after the loss of the last colony in Latin America Cuba was also culturally shaken and economically weakened due to internal crises. Latin American authors such as Rubén Darío questioned Spain's claim to cultural leadership for the first time.

Characteristics of Modernismo can be:

  • the rejection of traditional, realistic approaches and rejection of old topics
  • the inclusion of modern everyday motifs (technology, city) and mythical subjects
  • the rejection of the logical development of a theme and conventional poetic forms
  • a cryptic semantics
  • a metaphorical, innovative, bold imagery
  • an elitist, avant-garde attitude.

Modernism can also be described as post-romantic insofar as it grants the poet qualities that raise him above normal mortals, v. a. the ability to reveal the unspeakable and mysterious through symbols or metaphors . He also shares a predilection for complex emotions , especially melancholy , but also sensual and erotic inclinations, with the romantic poets . The initial rebellion, however, paves its way into the purely linguistic and silts up there, lapsing into automated rhetoric that soon slips into decadence.

From a formal point of view, the high musical quality of the verses is striking, as they follow more and more free rhythms in the later course and free themselves from the classical meter . Modernist poets love exquisite synesthesia : light, color, tones, moods work together. Old, rare forms are being dragged out of oblivion; For example, the silva is very popular, a non-strophic form in combination of seven and eleven silblers , but new forms up to the verso libre are also tried out.

Linguistically, the basic mood of modernism is expressed in the vocabulary , which focuses on the following areas and typical expressions: zoology (swans, peacocks, butterflies, lions, eagles, pigeons), plants that play a role in heraldry , such as lilies, lotus flowers , Laurel, myrtle, olives; Expressions from mineralogy and architecture: marble, columns, capitals, rubies, sapphires, opals; learned neologisms that are formed from Latin and Greek: liróforo, homérida, nictálope, apolonida etc., archaisms , foreign words such as muaré, esplín, cabriolé, expressions from physics, astronomy and chemistry: hiperbórea, quirúrgico, aerostación, anything with aristocracy has to do: princesses, pages, coats of arms etc. The colors gold, purple and blue are particularly popular.

In Spain, Modernismo runs almost at the same time as the Generación del 98 , with which it is linked by the departure from traditional values. Formally, however, the two literary currents are quite different: Modernismo has its focus on poetry, while the representatives of the '98 generation shine in prose . While the former is a cosmopolitan current, the 98s remain strongly focused on the problems of Spain , and the aestheticism of the modernists is opposed to the (also political) commitment of the 98 generation.

Modernismo was able to gain a foothold in every country in Hispanic America and had a considerable impact even after its actual heyday.

Modernismo Brasileiro

With the Modernismo brasileiro, Brazil developed its own development in the twentieth century, which began later than Ibero America and can also be divided into three phases or generations, beginning in 1922 with the Semana de Arte Moderna by Oswald de Andrade and Mário de Andrade and characterized by Avant-garde tendencies, continued as the second phase in the years 1930, the revolution from 1930 , to 1945 with authors like Érico Veríssimo and characterized by the regionalismo brasileiro and the urban novel as well as the psychologization of the characters, ultimately with the third phase from 1945 to 1980 with authors like Clarice Lispector .

Representatives of Modernismo (selection)

Latin America

Spain

See also

literature

Anthologies

  • Ángel Crespo (Ed.): Antología de la poesía modernista . Tarragona, Tarraco, 1980. ISBN 84-7320-024-1 (Spanish)
  • José Emilio Pacheco (Ed.): Antología del modernismo: (1884-1921); tomos I y II en un volumen / introd., selección y notas José Emilio Pacheco. México: Univ. Nacional Autonoma de México [u. a.], 1999. ( Biblioteca del Estudiante Universitario ; 90/91) ISBN 968-36-6156-4 (Spanish)

Secondary literature

  • Hans U. Gumbrecht, A History of Spanish Literature , 1484 pages, Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp 1998, ISBN 3-518-58062-0
  • Hans-Jörg Neuschäfer, History of Spanish Literature , 446 pages, Stuttgart: Metzler, 2nd edition 2006, ISBN 3-476-01857-1
  • Michael Rössner, Latin American literary history , 564 pages, Stuttgart: Metzler, 2nd exp. Edition 2002, ISBN 3-476-01858-X
  • Christoph Strosetzki, History of Spanish Literature , 404 pages, Tübingen: Niemeyer, 2., unchanged. Edition 1996, ISBN 3-484-50307-6
  • Guillermo Díaz-Plaja, Modernismo frente a noventa y ocho: an introducción a la literatura española del siglo XX. Madrid: Espasa-Calpe, 1979. (Selecciones Austral, 65) (Spanish)
  • Max Henríquez Ureña, Breve historia del modernismo . México: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1978. (Spanish)
  • Francisco Rico : Historia y crítica de la Literatura española: Modernismo y 98 . Barcelona: Editorial Crítica, 1980. (Spanish)
  • Robert Schmutzler, El modernismo . Madrid: Alianza Forma, 1985. (Spanish)

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Ina Kühne: Myths in Latin American Modernismo. University of Siegen.
  2. Marina Cabral: O Modernismo no Brasil. Brasil Escola, Portuguese, accessed January 22, 2013.
  3. Marina Cabral: O Modernismo no Brasil - 2ª fase. Brasil Escola, Portuguese, accessed January 22, 2013.
  4. ^ Modernismo (Terceira Geração) in Itaù Cultural , Portuguese, accessed January 22, 2013.
  5. Juana de Ibarbourou was born in 1892, according to literary stories, but always insisted on being born in 1895.