Moss bugs

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Moss bugs
Xenophyes rhachilophus

Xenophyes rhachilophus

Systematics
Trunk : Arthropod (arthropoda)
Class : Insects (Insecta)
Subclass : Flying insects (Pterygota)
Order : Schnabelkerfe (Hemiptera)
Subordination : Sheath beak (coleorrhyncha)
Family : Moss bugs
Scientific name
Peloridiidae
Breddin , 1897

The moss bugs (Peloridiidae) are the only recent family of sheaths (Coleorrhyncha). Based on morphological and molecular characteristics, their position within the Schnabelkerfe (Hemiptera) as a sister group of the bedbugs (Heteroptera) can be regarded as well supported. The primitive sheaths are part of an ancient relic group of Gondwana insects (" living fossils "), which separated from the bedbugs in the late Permian about 230 mya . The moss bugs comprise 32 species in 17 genera.

Distribution and way of life

The Peloridiidae are common in the temperate and sub-Antarctic rainforests of the southern hemisphere. Their known occurrences are in Australia , Tasmania , Lord Howe Island , New Zealand , New Caledonia , Argentina and Chile . Their current distribution indicates their existence even before Gondwana disintegrated into the southern continents. At higher altitudes they live exclusively in damp moss cushions , in lichens and the litter of Nothofagus forests. Their distribution largely coincides with the area of ​​the false beeches . The species are able to generate vibratory sounds via a primitive tymbal organ . This suggests that such signals were used by the early ancestors of all bed bugs and cicadas . The insects probably feed by piercing and sucking moss plants.

features

The very flat and broadly oval animals reach body lengths between 2 and 5 millimeters. Her body is brown-green in color and covered with a slimy layer. As a result, they are very well camouflaged in the moss cushions. They do not have a throat (gula) ( plesiomorphism ). The tripartite antennae are not visible from above. The complex eyes are widely separated from each other and protrude spherically. The forewings are characterized by a veins that differ greatly from the other representatives of the Schnabelkerfe. It is reticulate and forms a number of translucent, window-like cells. Peloridium hammoniorum is the only species capable of flying. In the adult animals there are both long-winged (macroptere) individuals and animals with somewhat shortened wings (submacropter), which are carried flat on the body. The former have two ocelles and fully developed hind wings. The submacropter individuals and all other species lack hind wings and ocelles ( autapomorphy ). The net-like structured neck plate (pronotum) on both sides is markedly convex outwardly. The tarsi are two-part (autapomorphy). Characteristic are pronounced side lobes of the first breast segment equipped with a tracheal network , which are separated from the rest of the body by a seam.

Systematics

Peloridium hammoniorum was the first species of the Peloridiidae family to be discovered. It was found by Michaelsen on the island of Navarino in southern Chile (Tierra del Fuego) and first described by Breddin in 1897. Based on morphological characteristics, he assigned the species to the bedbugs.

The Coleorrhyncha, supported by structural 18s rRNA analyzes, is considered to be a sister group of the bedbugs, from which they presumably separated in the late Permian about 230 mya years ago. The sheaths are traditionally taken as a separate subordination of the Schnabelkerfe. There is an alternative classification in which they are treated in the order Prosorrhyncha (syn. Heteropteroidea, Heteropterodea) in addition to the Heteroptera as a suborder called Peloridiomorpha.

species

The Peloridiidae family comprises 32 species in 17 genera.

New Zealand (9 species):

Chile / Argentina (7 species):

Australia / Tasmania (12 species):

New Caledonia (4 species):

The taxonomic documents can be found in a database. Burckhardt's monograph contains a key to the species and a cladogram of recent moss bugs.

supporting documents

The information comes from the following literature:

literature

  • W. Westheide & R. Rieger (Eds.) (1996): Special Zoology, Part 1: Protozoa and Invertebrates. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York. Pp. 658-659, ISBN 3-437-20515-3 .
  • P. Ax : Multicellular Animals (2003): The Phylogenetic System of the Metazoa. , Sample page, Springer Verlag, Berlin, p. 316 ff, ISBN 3-540-67406-3 .
  • Th. Bourgoin & BC Campbell (2002): Inferring a Phylogeny for Hemiptera: Falling into the "Autapomorphic Trap" . - In: Denisia 4 (2002), NF 176: 279-328, ISSN  1608-8700 .
  • H. Hoch, J. Deckert & A. Wessel (2006): Vibrational signaling in a Gondwanan relict insect (Hemiptera: Coleorrhyncha: Peloridiidae). Biology Letters 2 (2): 222-224. doi: 10.1098 / rsbl.2006.0451 .
  • D. Grimaldi & MS Engel: Evolution of Insects. Cambridge University Press 2005, ISBN 0-521-82149-5 .

The following sources are cited for additional information:

Single sources

  1. ↑ D. Burckhardt, Mooswanzen - Peloridiidae (Hemiptera, Coleorrhyncha), an enigmatic group of insects. Entomologica Austriaca, Volume 17, 2010, pp. 9-22.
  2. ↑ G. Breddin: Hemipteren. pp. 10-13 in Michaelsen, W. (ed.) Results of the Hamburg Magalhaen collecting trip, 1892/93. Published by the Natural History Museum in Hamburg (1897). Hamburg: L. Friederischen & Co. II. Arthropods 36 & 2 unnumbered pp.
  3. ↑ D. Schlee: Morphology and Symbiosis; their evidential value for the relationships of the Coleorrhyncha (Insecta, Hemiptera). Stuttgart Contribution to Naturk. 1969, No. 210: 1-27
  4. ↑ J. Zrzavy: Evolution of antennae and historical ecology of the hemipteran insects (Paraneoptera). Acta Entomol. Bohemoslov., 1992, 89 (2): 77-86
  5. ^ Moss Bug Base, Coleorrhyncha , by Daniel Burckhardt
  6. ↑ D. Burckhardt: Taxonomy and phylogeny of the Gondwanan moss bugs or Peliridiidae (Hemiptera, Coleorrhyncha) . German Entomological Journal Vol. 56, 2009, pp. 173-235.

Web links

  • Drawing University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, Animal Diversity Web.