Sheaths
| Sheaths | ||||||||||
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The recent sheath- beak Xenophyes rhachilophus from a Nothofagus forest in New Zealand's Fiordland National Park |
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| Temporal occurrence | ||||||||||
| Jurassic until today | ||||||||||
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| Systematics | ||||||||||
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||
| Coleorrhyncha | ||||||||||
| Myers & China , 1929 |
The sheaths , scientific name Coleorrhyncha , are a sub-species of the Schnabelkerfe and probably the sister group of the bedbugs . The only recent family are the moss bugs or Peloridiidae. While the recent moss bugs are restricted to the temperate and sub-Antarctic latitudes of the southern hemisphere, representatives of the three extinct and only fossilized families were more widespread. The recent sheaths are probably a relic group of a relatives that used to be more species-rich.
features
The recent moss bugs are small, about 2 to 5 millimeters long insects with a cryptic, brownish color and in life mostly camouflaged with a protective layer of excrement and plant litter. Their lattice-like structured cover wings are reminiscent of those of net bugs . The head is very broad, but short and has two spherical complex eyes on the outside on short stalks; ( Ocelles are only formed in one species). The short antennae are tripartite, the last link a little club-shaped, and hidden under the head. On the underside of the head, far back, rises a proboscis, which is directed backwards and of which only the labium is visible in the resting position . In front, between the eyes, there are mostly weakly sclerotized, membranous surfaces, which are known as areolae. On the trunk, the pronotum is extended laterally and is often sculptured. Mostly it is flattened with a central (median) longitudinal rib. The front wings are designed as leather-like cover wings ( Tegmina ), the rear wings, with the exception of a South American species, regressive and inoperative. In the resting position, the tegmina lie flat over the trunk and abdomen, they overlap slightly, with the left wing always on top. In the only macropter species, Peloridium hammoniorum , the fore and hind wings are connected in flight by a coupling mechanism in which the edge of the hind wings snaps into a small group of bristles on the underside of the clavus; corresponding structures are known from numerous bugs. The hind wings are smaller than the fore wings and have a simple vein with five veins. The legs of all species are slender and rod-shaped, the tarsi bipartite. The abdomen is flattened with eight free tergites.
evolution
The earliest fossils assigned to the Coleorrhyncha come from the late Permian from Belmont (Australia) about 255 million years ago; they are therefore significantly older than fossil bedbugs, which have only been proven since the Triassic . The fossils assigned to the family Progonocimicidae have winged veins that are similar to that of cicadas . It can be tentatively derived from older fossil forms such as the Permian family Ingruidae (Prosboloidea). The wing veins of the oldest bedbugs are also similar to that of the Ingruidae, although both forms can probably be derived from Ingruiden-like ancestors independently of one another. The Progonocimicidae can be found in fossils up to the Upper Cretaceous and were presumably distributed worldwide (finds from Europe, Asia, Australia, South America). Progonocimicidae had eight apical cells in the tegmina, the head had no windows (areolae). The hind tarsi were three-segment. One to four, usually two mobile spurs (similar to numerous recent cicadas) sat on the rear tibia, due to the physique jumping ability is assumed.
The Mesozoic, extinct families Karabasiidae and Hoploridiidae are derived from a form of Progoncimicidae. According to the characteristics of the wing veins, the Hoploridiidae were probably the sister group (or possibly the parent group) of the recent Peloridiidae, of which no fossils themselves have become known. These three families are united in a superfamily Peloridoidea, as autapomorphies u. a. indicated: Tegmina with enlarged basal cell, the arculus (a transverse artery between the radius and cubitus) elongated, the subcosta ending briefly and freely; Hind wings, if present, without closed cells; Head with areolae; Antennas three-segment.
Fossil Finds
While the recent moss bugs are widespread in the southern hemisphere, roughly corresponding to the area of the southern beech Nothofagus , fossil representatives have been found almost worldwide. Numerous species have become known from the Jura of China. Also from the famous, Cretaceous Brazilian Santana Formation , some species are known that belong to the Progonocimicidae. There is only one find from amber to this day: a type of Cicadocorinae made from Lebanese amber from the Cretaceous period.
The first European finds were described by Anton Handlirsch from the Jura von Dobbertin in Mecklenburg, other Jurassic German finds come from Klein-Lehmhagen near Grimmen , from Schandelah in Lower Saxony and from Mistelgau near Bayreuth. English finds from Forthampton (Gloucestershire) date from the Triassic. In 2011 a number of new species from the Early Jurassic were described by Bascharage , Luxembourg.
Systematics
- Subordination Coleorrhyncha
- Family † Progonocimicidae
- Subfamily † Cicadocorinae
- Subfamily † Progonocimicinae
- Superfamily Peloridioidea
- Family † Hoploridiidae (only from the Lower Cretaceous Transbaikal region, Russia)
- Family † Karabasiidae
- Family Peloridiidae ( moss bugs )
- Family † Progonocimicidae
Phylogeny
Among the recent groups, the Coleorrhyncha are, according to both morphological and molecular characteristics, with a high probability the sister group of the Heteroptera (bedbugs), the common clade is sometimes called Heteropterodea. The inclusion of the fossil forms gives a more complex picture, according to which both forms evolved independently of one another from the same cicada-like ancestors; some of the common features probably emerged convergent afterwards .
swell
- D. Burckhardt (2010): Moss bugs - Peloridiidae (Hemiptera, Coleorrhyncha), an enigmatic group of insects. Entomologica Austriaca 17: 9-22.
- M.-C. Larivière, D. Burckhardt, A. Larochelle (2011): Peloridiidae (Insecta: Hemiptera: Coleorrhyncha). Fauna of New Zealand / Ko te Aitanga Pepeke o Aotearoa 67. 78 pp. ISBN 978-0-478-34731-9
Individual evidence
- ↑ Vera D'Urso (1993): The wing coupling apparatus in Peloridium hammoniorum Breddin, 1897 (Insecta, Rhynchota). Spixiana 16: 133-139 online
- ↑ a b Bo Wang, Jacek Szwedo, HaiChun Zhang (2009): Jurassic Progonocimicidae (Hemiptera) from China and phylogenetic evolution of Coleorrhyncha. Science in China, Series D: Earth Sciences, Volume 52, Issue 12: 1953-1961. doi : 10.1007 / s11430-009-0160-6
- ↑ G. Bechly & J. Szwedo: Coleorrhyncha: Moss bugs. In: Martill DM, Bechly G., Loveridge RF (editors): The Crato Fossil Beds of Brazil: Window into an Ancient World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007. 313-317.
- ↑ Jacek Szwedo, Dany Azar, Kamil Ziadé (2011): The first Progonocimicidae (Insecta: Hemiptera: Coleorrhyncha) from Lower Cretaceous Lebanese amber. Insect Systematics & Evolution 42: 161-177. doi : 10.1163 / 187631211X578415
- ↑ Jacek Szwedo (2011): The Coleorrhyncha (Insecta: Hemiptera) of the European Jurassic, with a description of a new genus from the Toarcian of Luxembourg. Volumina Jurassica Vol. 9, No. 9 download ( Memento of the original from March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ David Ouvrard, Bruce C. Campbell, Thierry Bourgoin, Kathleen L. Chan (2000): 18S rRNA Secondary Structure and Phylogenetic Position of Peloridiidae (Insecta, Hemiptera). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution Vol. 16, No. 3: 403-417 doi : 10.1006 / mpev.2000.0797
- ↑ Jason R. Cryan & Julie M. Urban (2012): Higher-level phylogeny of the insect order Hemiptera: is Auchenorrhyncha really paraphyletic? Systematic Entomology Volume 37, Issue 1: 7-21. doi : 10.1111 / j.1365-3113.2011.00611.x
