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The psychoanalytic term “ Nachträlichkeit ” appears in the course of Freud's text: Freud uses the common adjective adverb “belatedly”, which he often underlines; gradually the noun the aftermath appears . The term indicates a psychological reworking of past experiences and memories, which are given a new meaning. In "Emma's case" (which can be read in the 2nd chapter on "the hysterical psychopathology" of Freud's draft ), it concerns the "double trauma". It is a psychoanalytic conception of time and causality, which is no longer straight, linear.

Freud understands afterwardness as an active process that creates a connection between past affect events and the cognitive present via the bracket of meaning . Early traumatic events are subsequently symbolized and can be controlled omnipotently. Two time vectors of retrospect must be discussed, which describe both a causal process acting in the direction of time on the background of factual reality, and a retrograde time movement that allows an understanding of unconscious primary process scenes and fantasies. Freud observed and described the double movement of these two strands of time early on. Until the Moses study, however, it often had only a hidden meaning. It was mostly neglected in the Anglo-American translations, which resulted in a one-sided understanding of the concept in psychoanalytic cultures: either deferred action or après-coup (this is how Laplanche , among others, translated. Strachey's standard edition always says: deferred action ). Freud's Moses study encompasses both temporal aspects of retrospect, which, in a causal-deterministic understanding , tries to reconstruct a previous event as well as to understand and construct its subjective truth in the transference in the opposite timeline . The decisive criterion for the conceptual and clinical separation of the two time vectors is the development of the ego organization and the ability to symbolize. In fact, they should not be separated, since both aspects of retrospect as a circular complementarity are indispensable for understanding unconscious processes.

reception

Gerhard Dahl has investigated in several publications that one of Sigmund Freud's most significant conceptions is hidden behind the concept of Nachträglichkeit, which, strangely enough, has hardly been appreciated in Germany. For without retrospect, Freud's new word, the effectiveness of psychoanalysis can neither be understood nor explained. Strachey's English translation as "deferred action", which found its way into the Standard Edition (1953 ff.) And thus worldwide distribution, could only convey a one-sided, purely metapsychological-economic understanding of the concept in the sense of a subsequent reaction, what Freud did not mean. This exclusively linear-deterministic connotation has led to misunderstandings and criticism, the consequences of which are still expressed today in the debate about the importance of external reality for psychological development on the one hand and the importance of the inner world on the other. In fact, Freud's concept of retrospect includes a second, retrograde time vector, which is discussed as “après-coup”, especially in French literature. Under this term, retrospective means not just a simple postponement of past real events to the present, where they can be "reacted to"; but also a retrograde effect in the sense of a hermeneutic search for meaning comes into play: from the present to the past.

The history of reception of this particular concept is also a history of the difficulties in transferring metapsychological concepts to other psychoanalytic cultures. Neither of the two translations, neither the Anglo-Saxon deferred action nor the French après-coup , fits the full meaning of the German term. Separable partial aspects are expressed, the meaning of which is interpreted differently. In one case of deferred action , an interpretation reconstructs empirical facts of infantile experiences retrospectively in the hope of being able to causally explain the presence of psychoneurotic symptoms from the past; in the other case of an après-coup , interpretation appears as a search to subsequently give meaning to the presymbolic-affective past from the present in order to be able to understand it. Thus, with the translations of the term, its two time directions, as Freud had in mind, were actually separated from each other, which for the further development of psychoanalytic theory - the separation of an ego psychology (Hartmann, Kohut, Kernberg, etc.) and an object relationship theory (Melanie Klein, Bion, Steiner, etc.) - was not without consequences.

The term was noticed by Jacques Lacan in the 1950s and translated into French as the après-coup : in connection with the French “Return to Freud” (1953, “Rome's Report”).

Jean Laplanche's contribution to the researched term as the retrospective in the après-coup is then important, and "something completely different" than Lacan's French term of the après-coups : the retrospective may become the key concept of Jean Laplanche's Théorie de la séduction généralisée ( Theory of generalized seduction), or of its corresponding theory of "translation" [of psychic life], which means a consistent development of Freud's letter 52/112 (to Fliess).

literature

  • Sigmund Freud , Josef Breuer : Studies on Hysteria (1895).
  • Sigmund Freud: Letters to Wilhelm Fliess 1887-1904. Unabridged edition, ed. by Jeffrey Moussaieff Masson. German version by Michael Schröter, transcription by Gerhard Fichtner , Frankfurt am Main: Fischer 1986. ISBN 3-10-022802-2
  • Jean Laplanche , Jean-Bertrand Pontalis ,
    • Original fantasy: fantasies about the origin, origins of fantasy (1964/1985). Frankfurt a. M .: Fischer 1992
    • The vocabulary of psychoanalysis (1967) Frankfurt a. M .: Suhrkamp 1973
  • Jacques Lacan : Writings. (1966) Selected. and ed. by Norbert Haas. 3 volumes. Olten / Freiburg im Breisgau: Walter 1973–1980; Paperback edition by Suhrkamp 1975 (only vol. 1); as well as: Weinheim / Berlin: Quadriga 1991 ff. ISBN 3-88679-903-4 (all three editions are page-identical)
    • Seminar Book I (1953–1954): Freud's Technical Writings [ Das Seminar. Olten / Freiburg: Walter 1978 ff .; Weinheim / Berlin: Quadriga 1986 ff .; Vienna: Turia + Kant 2000 ff .; Vienna: Passagen 2007f.]
  • Jean Laplanche,
  • Revue française de psychanalyse ,
    • Vol. 46, 3, "L'après-coup", 1982 and Vol. 70, 3, 2006.
    • Michel Neyraut: Considérations rétrospectives sur "l'après-coup" , in Revue française de psychanalyse , 1997, n0 4, ISBN 2130485014
    • Bernard Chervet: L'après-coup. Prolégomènes in Revue française de psychanalyse, 2006, no 3
    • 2009/5 (Vol. 73): "L'après coup" (Congrès Paris, Actes), Presses Universitaires de France.
  • Christine Kirchhoff: The psychoanalytic concept of "Nachträglichkeit". Time, meaning and the constitution of the psychic. Giessen: Psychosozial-Verlag 2010.
  • Friedrich-Wilhelm Eickhoff: About retrospective. The modernity of an old concept in Yearbook of Psychoanalysis , No. 51, 2005, pp. 139–161.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Gerhard Dahl : The two time vectors of Nachträkeit in the development of ego organization: Significance of the concept for the symbolization of nameless traumas and anxieties. In: International Journal Psychoanal (2010) 91, 727-744.
  2. ↑ a b Gerhard Dahl: Nachträkeit, Symbolisierung. Repetition compulsion. Psyche 64, 2010, 385-407.
  3. ^ A b Gerhard Dahl: Kaygilarin Simgelestirilmesi Acisidan Önemi . In: Uluslararasi Psikanaliz Yilligi, 2011.
  4. ↑ a b Gerhard Dahl: Os dois vetores de Nachträglichkeit. In: Jornal de Psicanalise, 2011.