Nakhchivan Tepe

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Nakhchivan Tepe

Nakhchivan Tepe is an archaeological site in the city of Nakhchivan , Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic , Azerbaijan . It is located on a natural hill in the Nakhchivançay valley. Settlement extends to at least 5000 BC. BC back.

research

Archaeological research in Nakhchivan Tepe, led by Veli Bakhshaliyev from Nakhchivan, a branch of the National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan , began in 2017.

The links between the cultures of the South Caucasus and the Middle East (including Mesopotamia) have preoccupied researchers for many years. Researchers like RM Munchayev, OA Abibullayev, IG Narimanov, TI Akhundov and others spoke about the spread of cultures from the Middle East in the South Caucasus. These connections have been confirmed by a complex of archaeological materials, including from Nakhchivan Tepe, which is shaped by Dalmā-Tepe ceramic, which was first found in the South Caucasus.

The first settlers of Nakhchivan Tepe lived in spaces that were partly dug into the ground and partly built of adobe bricks. During the excavation of the settlements Ovçular Tepesi and Yeni Yol , rooms of this kind were uncovered. Charcoal residues are rare despite the abundant accumulation of ash. This shows that wood was very rarely used as fuel. The majority of the archaeological materials from the site are ceramic and obsidian shards, there are also some tools. Rare items include a grindstone, a flint product, and a bone tool. Most of the tools are made from obsidian, including some blades for sickles that provide information about the economy.

Animal bones indicate that the residents usually did some livestock farming. Hunting took an insignificant place in the economy. Bones of horses and dogs are represented by individual examples. No plant remains were found. In the settlement layers, charcoal residues are insignificant, and washing the ash residues from different herds has so far yielded no results.

Ceramics

Pottery is generally used for the first half of the 5th millennium BC. Chr. Characteristic. Coal from the lower horizon was dated to 4945 BC. Dated. It is generally similar to the painted and embossed ceramics of Dalmā Tepe . Individual finds are unique in the South Caucasus. Therefore, the pottery from the Nakhchivan Tepe settlement is of great value for research into the culture of the Copper Age in the region. The pottery can be divided into two periods based on the stratigraphy of the settlement. In terms of production technology and ornamentation, the two groups agree to some extent. The ceramics were mainly produced using the coil process, in which two layers of clay were applied to one another. A thin layer of clay covered the surfaces of some vessels. This was done in some cases to change the color and in other cases for ornamental purposes. Some products have been decorated with fingerprints, which are sometimes inaccurate. The fingerprints stuck to the thin top layer of clay. This coating process was also used in the restoration and repair of ceramics. The pottery is generally made with chaff inclusions and fired in different shades of red. Ceramic with sand inclusions is only available in one piece. Gray goods are also represented by a single piece. The pottery from the upper horizon belongs to the first period. This is characterized by rectangular architecture. The ceramic products of this horizon can be divided into six groups: simple ceramics, painted ceramics, red decorated ceramics without ornament, ceramics with embossed ornament, including fingertip prints, ceramics decorated with a stamp from the edge of a tool, and decorated ceramics with an edge ornament in the form of horizontal stripes. In the years 2010–2016 new monuments from the Copper Age were reported from the Nakhchivançay and Sirabçay valleys. Along with Nakhchivan Tepe, these can be used to describe a period of calcolithic monuments of the South Caucasus. The ceramic complex of Nakhchivan Tepe is very similar to that of Dalmā Tepe. The type of painted pottery of Dalmā Tepe is known from the settlements of Uzun Oba and Uçan Ağıl . Molded ceramics were documented by a single specimen in Uçan Ağıl, but not found in other settlements. Similar ceramics were found in isolated copies in Karabakh. Monuments in the Urmia Basin generally use Sjunik's obsidian . The Nakhchivan settlements generally used gekche obsidian from the lake basin in what is now Sevan. Although Syunik is closer to Nakhchivan than Gekche, Syunik obsidian is not common in Nakhchivan. Apparently the tribe that occupied the Urmia Basin had links to the obsidian deposits of the Sangesur Mountains through the Nakhichevan tribes . The discovery of a stone hammer in the Nakhchivançay valley with copper remains on it shows that there were connections between these tribes and the Sangesur Mountains not only through obsidian deposits, but also through copper deposits.

The ceramics of Dalmā Tepe were first explored in 1959 in the settlement of the same name through the excavation of Charles Burney and then in 1961 by Cuyler Young. Similar ceramics were found in the settlements of Hasanlu , Hajji Firuz, and Tepe Seavan. Dalmā-Tepe ceramics were found in Iran and Iraq along with typical Halaf and Obeid ceramics. Similar ceramics have been discovered on the monuments of the Zagros Mountains , such as settlements in the Kangavar Valley such as Seh Gabi B. and Godin Tepe. Numerous Dalma Tepe ceramics were also found in the Mahidasht Valley among the surface materials of 16 settlements. These include the settlement of Tepa Siahbid, Choga Maran and Tepe Kuh. Dalmā-Tepe ceramics were common among the superficial materials at Tepe Kuh. Similar ceramics were also found in Iraq at the settlement of Jebel, Kirkuk, Tell Abad, Kheit Qasim and Yorgan Tepe. Such ceramics were also predominant in the Kangavar valley, but in the Mahidasht valley the proportion of Dalmā-Tepe ceramics decreased very sharply. While these ceramics accounted for 68% in the Kangavar Valley, it was 24% in Mahidasht. This shows that this type of pottery declined to the south. Although it was previously assumed that similar ceramics were common in the south and west of the basin of Lake Urmia , today it is known that similar ceramics were also found north of Lake Urmi and in Nakhchivan. On the territory of Iranian Azerbaijan, this culture is also evident in the settlements in Culfa Kültepe, Ahranjan Tepe, Lavin Tepe, Ghosha Tepe, Idir Tepe and Baruj Tepe. Similar ceramics have now been discovered in over 100 places in South Azerbaijan. Some of these places belonged to settlements while others belonged to nomadic tribes. According to researchers, this culture flourished in northwestern Iran and from there extended to the south and west of the Urmia Basin. Chemical analysis of Dalmā-Tepe ceramics has shown that they were made locally.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Vəli Baxşəliyev, Zeynəb Quliyeva, Turan Həşimova, Kamran Mehbaliyev, Elmar Baxşəliyev. Naxçivan təpə yaşayiş yerində arxeoloji tədqiqatlar. Naxçıvan, Əcəmi, 2018, 266 p.
  2. ↑ Рауф Магомедович Мунчаев, Амиров Ш.Н. Взаимосвязи Кавказа и Месопотамии в VI-IV тыс. до н.э. Международная научная конференция, 11–12 сентября 2008, Баку: Чашыоглы, 2009, с.41–52.
  3. ↑ Осман Абибулла Абибуллаев, Энеолит и бронза на территории Нахичеванской АССР. Баку: Элм, 1982, c. 72.
  4. ↑ Нариманов И.Г. Обеидские племена Месопотамии в Азербайджане. Тезисы Всесоюзной археологической конференции. Баку, 1985, c. 271-277.
  5. ↑ Achundov T. sites of migrants venus du Proche-Orient de Transcaucasie in Les cultures du Caucase (VIe - IIIe millénaires avant notre ère). Leurs relations avec le Proche Orient, B. Lyonnet ed., Éditions Re-cherche sur les Civilizations, CNRS Éditions: Paris, 2007, p. 95-122.
  6. ^ The animal remains were examined by Remy Berthon.
  7. ↑ The work was supported by the Science Development Foundation under the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan - Grant № EİF-KETPL-2-2015-1 (25) -56/47/5.
  8. ↑ Бахшалиев В.Б новые энеолитические памятники на территории нахчывана // Российская археология, 2014, 88-95; Бахшалиев В.Б. Новые материалы эпохи неолита и энеолита на территории Нахчывана // Российская археология, 2015, № 2, с. 136-145
  9. ↑ Khademi N., F., Abedi A., Glascock MD, Eskandari N. and Khazaee M. Provenance of prehistoric obsidian artifacts from Kul Tepe, Northwestern Iran using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis // Journal of Archaeological Science, 2013 , 40. p. 1956-1965.
  10. ↑ Hamlin C. Dalma Tepe, Iran, 13, 1975, pp. 111-127.
  11. ^ Voigt MM Hajji Firuz Tepe, Iran: The Neolithic Settlement. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 1983, p. 20th
  12. ↑ Solecki RL and Solecki RS Tepe Sevan: A Dalma period site in the Margavar valley, Azerbaijan, Iran, Bulletin of the Asia Institute of Pahlavi University, 3, 1973, pp. 98-117.
  13. ↑ Henrickson. EF and Vitali. V. The Dalma Tradition: Prehistoric Inter-Regional Cultural Integration, Highland Western Iran, Paleorient, Vol. 13, № 2, 1987, pp. 37-45.
  14. ↑ Abedi A. Iranian Azerbaijan Pathway From The Zagros To The Caucasus, Anatolia And Northern Mesopotamia: Dava Göz, A New Neolithic And Chalcolithic Site In NW Iran. Mediterranean Archeology and Archaeometry, Vol. 17, № 1 (2017) pp. 69-87.